Transnational Migration Analysis
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Transnationalism - Migration in the age of globalization - Anna Kern \u0026 Fenja Sohn
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The European Union Member States have re-elaborated these standards for the EU context and have adopted a series of Directives regulating the qualification and reception conditions of asylum seekers in the EU as well as asylum procedures and matters of return. Vulnerability is often understood as a deficit and equated with weakness and a need of protection. From a child rights-based approach, vulnerability refers to the limited chances of a child to fully exercise her or his rights as afforded under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Some children migrate well-protected and cared for and some succeed to achieve the goals that motivated their journeys.
When migration is safe and successful, children have opportunities to increase their well-being, to access higher-quality services and to benefit from better education. Safe migration opportunities can support children significantly in their transition into adulthood and an independent life. They will have improved life chances, including in their transition into adulthood and the labor market, with better working conditions, higher salaries and an increased potential to contribute proactively to their communities and societies, in countries of origin and destination. Children and young adults might support their families through remittances and support the development of their communities of origin.
For children who migrate to escape difficult living situations, violence or conflict, migration can constitute an opportunity to reduce risks. Others encounter more severe risks during migration or at the place of destination. Some groups of children are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, including trafficking, because of weak social safety nets. The risks a child is exposed to are often closely intertwined and are considered cumulative. A child who is already living in a vulnerable situation, such as poverty, abuse or school-drop out, is considered even more vulnerable when additional risks come in, such as exploitative relationships or risky migration.
Many child migrants are exposed to harm during the journey and at destination. Children face violence, exploitation and abuse at the hands of people they encounter in transit and at destination, including employers, transporters, smugglers and traffickers. They might experience significant levels of indifference or abuse by state officials, including police, border guards, immigration officials and staff in reception or detention facilities. Some migrants die on the journey from dehydration, malnourishment, suffocation or transportation accidents or drown at sea.
Unsafe migration conditions, by their nature, create risks for children. In addition to experiencing acts of violence, children risk to come into conflict with the law if they travel without the required documents, if they engage in illegal or criminal activities to make a living, or if they are persuaded or forced by others to do so. In situations of habitual mobility or circular migration, such conditions can influence the well-being, safety and development significantly of the child. Children on the move are at risk of different forms of exploitation. They include sexual exploitation in prostitution and pornography , traveling sex offenders through web-cams, child abuse images and illegal content on the internet. Exploitation takes place in child labour and domestic work, as au-pairs, in factories, construction, asphalt laying, restaurants and cleaning industries, agriculture and berry picking and in begging.
There are also transnational cases of early and forced marriage of children. The exploitation of children could be organised by families, small groups or large-scale criminal networks. Children are exploited also in illegal and criminal activities, including in drug production and drug trafficking, pick-pocketing or burglary. Child trafficking is defined in the UN Trafficking Protocol of as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation. Victims of transnational trafficking might cross borders with or without legal travel documents and with or without the assistance of smugglers. Persons are often recruited into trafficking only after they have crossed an international border.
In many cases, trafficking takes place within countries and there are no border crossings involved. The UN Trafficking Protocol of considers the means of trafficking and the consent of the child to any of the trafficking acts as irrelevant in the identification of a trafficking victim. Child trafficking can be prosecuted when it is possible to prove the intent to exploit the child, even when exploitation has not yet taken place. Varying interpretations sometimes make it difficult to distinguish child trafficking from other types of exploitation.
The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings adopted the international definition, identical in wording, underlining however that victims shall be protected also in cases where trafficking takes place within countries and without the involvement of large-scale organised crime groups. The EU Anti-Trafficking Directive broadened the notion of exploitation in the trafficking concept. It explicitly includes the purpose of exploitation in criminal activities as part of the definition of human trafficking.
Article 2. A smuggler facilitates the border crossing of others without the required travel documents and for financial or other gain. Once a smuggler has facilitated the border crossing or ensured the migrant's arrival at the agreed destination, the contact between the smuggler and the smuggled migrants usually ceases. The smuggling of persons across international borders can be part of the act of trafficking when it is done for the purpose of exploiting the persons in the country of destination. The sale of children means any act or transaction whereby a child is transferred by any person or group of persons to another for remuneration or any other consideration.
While trafficking could involve the purchase and sale of persons, the sale of children may lead to exploitation but does not necessarily have to. Children are sometimes sold in illegal adoptions, for instance. Children are also sold for sexual exploitation or labour. In these cases, there may be an overlap between trafficking and sale as two criminal acts within a single case. The link between migration and development have been widely recognised. Migration is directly relevant to the Agenda for Sustainable Development.
According to current demographic trends, the populations in richer countries will continue to age disproportionately while the younger generations are overrepresented in lower income countries, causing strain on the labour market, social security, education and nutrition. Migration can mitigate these population imbalances on both ends. It has a potential to increase the work force and strengthen the younger generations in numbers where needed.
This would mean increased contributions to the social welfare systems in higher income countries of destination and a reduced strain on the social welfare systems in countries of origin with high poverty and unemployment rates. Migration and mobility policies should ideally facilitate a mutual exchange of knowledge, capacity and human resources while preventing one directional movements and brain drain. Seen from this point of view, migration holds potential benefits for poverty reduction and for fostering more equitable and sustainable global development. From a human rights-based and development oriented perspective, countries of origin and destination share the responsibility for managing migration. Maximising the good developments and minimising the risks from migration could include developing the human capital of migrants and investing in migration management cooperation between countries of origin and destination in social, economic and political terms.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Aboriginal Australian children were removed from their families and placed in institutions and foster homes, in what became known as the Stolen Generations. Child migrants were adopted or brought up in children's homes, institutions, orphanages or foster care. A large portion of these children were used in slave labour by the churches in Australia. Many of these children experienced neglect and abuse while in institutional care. Child migrants are a specific group of "Forgotten Australians".
Child migration was a phenomenon associated with the migration of Bulgarian market-gardeners to Austria-Hungary in the second half of 19th and early 20th Century, due to the use of child labor mostly boys in market-gardening. Child labor brought master gardeners the biggest profit since children did not get paid but worked as apprentices for their keep only. Younger children helped in the gardens and learned gardening skills, while those who were already physically strong performed specialized gardening activities. The Canadian Indian residential school system, founded in the 19th century, was intended to force the assimilation of the Aboriginal peoples in Canada into European-Canadian society.
The Australian government had offered to welcome Maltese boys, aged between eight and 11, and girls aged between five and 10 years into Catholic institutions and promised to offer them employment supervised by the responsible Catholic authorities. The practice of sending poor or orphaned children to the English settler colonies , to help alleviate the shortage of labour, began in England in , with the rounding-up and transportation of vagrant children to the Virginia Colony. The children and parents were not consulted, and often siblings were separated. Often children were lied to about their parents being dead and many faced abuse in their new homes. During the Second World War , some 3. Most famous was the orphan train movement. During the Second World War, when Finland was at war with Russia, about 70 Finnish children were transported by train and boat mainly to Sweden, but also to Norway and Denmark.
These children are commonly referred to as war children. By the end of the war, thousands of children were adopted by their "new" parents. Category:Children's rights. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main article: Canadian Indian residential school system. Main article: Home Children. Law portal Society portal. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Journal of Education and Practice. Retrieved GIFT These individuals live their lives across borders and are simultaneously incorporated in two or more societies. What is the difference between international and transnational? Transnational : Transnational Organisation comprises of a Parent Organisation and its Foreign affiliates.
International : An Organisation who's main business or entity is foreign however is operating or venturing in to your nation. How do you explain migration? It is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often across a political or administrative boundary. Migration can be temporal or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced. Why is transnational feminism important? Transnational feminism refers to both a contemporary feminist paradigm and the corresponding activist movement.
Both the theories and activist practices are concerned with how globalization and capitalism affect people across nations, races, genders, classes, and sexualities. What is the difference between external and internal migration? Simply, the movement of people from one country to another is called international migration. So, external migration refers to change of residence over national boundaries. Simply, internal migration refers to the movement of people within a country. What are transnational ideologies? Transnational progressivism is a Neologism coined by Hudson Institute Fellow John Fonte in to identify a supposed ideology that endorses a concept of postnational global citizenship and promotes the authority of international institutions over the sovereignty of individual nation-states..
What is meant by internal migration? Internal migration is the movement of people from one defined area to another within a country. What causes voluntary migration? Causes of voluntary migration Voluntary factors can be described as social or economic. Some examples of social factors are: Economic factors include: While migration can benefit countries, for example, by providing new trades, skills and a cheaper workforce, there are potential drawbacks to large scale migration.
Why is migration important? Migration is important for the transfer of manpower and skills and provides the needed knowledge and innovation for global growth. In order to address the issues raised by global migration, it is necessary to improve international coordination. Why do we study migration? Migration is often driven by the search for better livelihoods and new opportunities. There is, moreover, a growing need to understand the important relationship between environmental change and forced migration and displacement, and the experiences of stateless persons. What is the study of human geography? Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place.
What is the study of human migration called?
