Military Soldier Research Paper

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UK website. Some of these records were destroyed by enemy bombing of the Guards chapel during the Second World War. These list monies owed to a soldier who died in service. Search among the Ancestry. The cards record details of the pension entitlements of soldiers and other servicemen killed or injured in the war, both of officers and other ranks, and of the widows and dependants of deceased soldiers. The much larger collection of originals are in the care of The Western Front Association WFA but had previously been held locally, around the country, and then by the Ministry of Defence.

Search for a soldier by name in the Absent Voters Lists, taken from electoral registers held at the British Library, on Ancestry. The Absent Voter Lists enabled servicemen and women away from home to vote by proxy or by postal application. They record the address, service number and regimental details of each person. Use our library catalogue to find a recommended book list. You can also search our bookshop for a wide range of history titles. For quick pointers Tuesday to Saturday to Discovery is a catalogue of archival records across the UK and beyond, from which you can search 32 million records. This website uses cookies We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work.

Set cookie preferences. Skip to Main Content. Search our website Search Discovery, our catalogue. How to look for records of View Online How many are online? None Some All. Order copies We can either copy our records onto paper or deliver them to you digitally. Visit us in Kew Visit us in Kew to see original documents or view online records for free. Pay for research Consider paying for research.

Most soldiers were issued with campaign medals; some were also awarded medals for gallantry and meritorious service. Unit war diaries: You will need to know which unit a soldier served with to effectively search these records; in most diaries only officers are mentioned by name. The records include: soldiers discharged between and soldiers killed in action between and soldiers who served in the war and died of wounds or disease without being discharged to pension soldiers who were demobilised at the end of the war The records do not usually include: regular soldiers who continued in the army after soldiers who transferred to another service, taking their service record with them The British Army contained regiments from parts of the former colonies.

Medal roll index cards, — These cards, along with the medal rolls to which they form an index see below , were created primarily to record the awarding of campaign medals. Unit war diaries from the Western Front, Mesopotamia and Gallipoli, — Search by unit name and number for the units that served in the Gallipoli Campaign at the Dardanelles on Ancestry. British military medical records These are selected records drawn from series MH , itself a representative, rather than a complete, selection of various kinds of medical records from various theatres of the First World War. Prisoner of war records, — See our guide to records of British prisoners of the First World War for details of the prisoner of war records available online.

Pension case files, — Search our catalogue below for pension case files in record series PIN First World War pension record cards for servicemen killed or injured Search among the Ancestry. Contact us for advice. Still need help? Live chat For quick pointers Tuesday to Saturday to Email For more detailed research enquiries. Related research guides. Births, marriages and deaths in the armed forces. British Army officers of the First World War. British Army operations in the First World War. The primary reason for the existence of the military is to engage in combat , should it be required to do so by the national defence policy, and to win. This represents an organisational goal of any military, and the primary focus for military thought through military history.

How victory is achieved, and what shape it assumes, is studied by most, if not all, military groups on three levels. Military strategy is the management of forces in wars and military campaigns by a commander-in-chief , employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of armies , navies and air forces ; such as army groups , naval fleets , and large numbers of aircraft. Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the supply of war and planning, than management of field forces and combat between them.

The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years. Operational mobility is, within warfare and military doctrine , the level of command which coordinates the minute details of tactics with the overarching goals of strategy. A common synonym is operational art. The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the German army prior to and during the Second World War.

At this level, planning and duration of activities takes from one week to a month, and are executed by Field Armies and Army Corps and their naval and air equivalents. Military tactics concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or days, and are focused on the specific, close proximity tasks and objectives of squadrons , companies , battalions , regiments , brigades , and divisions , and their naval and air force equivalents.

It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas. The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on military campaigning. Taktike Theoria examined Greek military tactics, and was most influential in the Byzantine world and during the Golden Age of Islam. De Re Militari formed the basis of European military tactics until the late 17th century.

Perhaps its most enduring maxim is Igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum let he who desires peace prepare for war. Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of artillery in the European Middle Ages , and infantry firearms in the Renaissance , attempts were made to define and identify those strategies, grand tactics , and tactics that would produce a victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying to the gods before the battle. Later this became known as military science , and later still, would adopt the scientific method approach to the conduct of military operations under the influence of the Industrial Revolution thinking.

In his seminal book On War , the Prussian Major-General and leading expert on modern military strategy , Carl von Clausewitz defined military strategy as 'the employment of battles to gain the end of war'. Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above military goals , ensuring civilian control of the military. Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of ' arts ' or 'sciences' that governed the conduct of warfare, the others being: military tactics , the execution of plans and manoeuvring of forces in battle , and maintenance of an army.

The meaning of military tactics has changed over time; from the deployment and manoeuvring of entire land armies on the fields of ancient battles, and galley fleets; to modern use of small unit ambushes , encirclements , bombardment attacks, frontal assaults , air assaults , hit-and-run tactics used mainly by guerrilla forces, and, in some cases, suicide attacks on land and at sea. Evolution of aerial warfare introduced its own air combat tactics. Often, military deception , in the form of military camouflage or misdirection using decoys , is used to confuse the enemy as a tactic. A major development in infantry tactics came with the increased use of trench warfare in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, only broken by a large loss of life, because, in order to attack an enemy entrenchment, soldiers had to run through an exposed ' no man's land ' under heavy fire from their opposing entrenched enemy. As with any occupation, since the ancient times, the military has been distinguished from other members of the society by their tools, the military weapons, and military equipment used in combat.

When Stone Age humans first took a sliver of flint to tip the spear , it was the first example of applying technology to improve the weapon. Since then, the advances made by human societies, and that of weapons, has been irretrievably linked. Stone weapons gave way to Bronze Age weapons, and later, the Iron Age weapons. With each technological change, was realized some tangible increase in military capability, such as through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in defeating leather armour , or improved density of materials used in manufacture of weapons.

On land , the first really significant technological advance in warfare was the development of the ranged weapons , and notably, the sling. The next significant advance came with the domestication of the horses and mastering of equestrianism. Arguably, the greatest invention that affected not just the military, but all society, after adoption of fire, was the wheel , and its use in the construction of the chariot. There were no advances in military technology, until, from the mechanical arm action of a slinger, the Greeks , Egyptians , Romans , Persians , Chinese , etc. The bow was manufactured in increasingly larger and more powerful versions, to increase both the weapon range, and armour penetration performance.

These developed into the powerful composite and recurve bows, and crossbows of Ancient China. These proved particularly useful during the rise of cavalry, as horsemen encased in ever-more sophisticated armour came to dominate the battlefield. Somewhat earlier, in medieval China, gunpowder had been invented, and was increasingly used by the military in combat. The use of gunpowder in the early vase-like mortars in Europe, and advanced versions of the long bow and cross bow , which all had armour-piercing arrowheads , that put an end to the dominance of the armoured knight.

After the long bow, which required great skill and strength to use, the next most significant technological advance was the musket , which could be used effectively, with little training. In time, the successors to muskets and cannon , in the form of rifles and artillery , would become core battlefield technology. As the speed of technological advances accelerated in civilian applications, so too warfare became more industrialized. The newly invented machine gun and repeating rifle redefined firepower on the battlefield, and, in part, explains the high casualty rates of the American Civil War.

The next breakthrough was the conversion of artillery parks from the muzzle loading guns , to the quicker loading breech loading guns with recoiling barrel that allowed quicker aimed fire and use of a shield. The widespread introduction of low smoke smokeless propellant powders since the s also allowed for a great improvement of artillery ranges. The development of breech loading had the greatest effect on naval warfare , for the first time since the Middle Ages, altering the way weapons are mounted on warships , and therefore naval tactics , now divorced from the reliance on sails with the invention of the internal combustion. A further advance in military naval technology was the design of the submarine , and its weapon, the torpedo.

Main battle tanks , and other heavy equipment such as armoured fighting vehicles , military aircraft , and ships , are characteristic to organized military forces. During World War I , the need to break the deadlock of trench warfare saw the rapid development of many new technologies, particularly tanks. Military aviation was extensively used, and bombers became decisive in many battles of World War II , which marked the most frantic period of weapons development in history. Many new designs, and concepts were used in combat, and all existing technologies of warfare were improved between and During the war, significant advances were made in military communications through increased use of radio, military intelligence through use of the radar , and in military medicine through use of penicillin , while in the air, the guided missile , jet aircraft , and helicopters were seen for the first time.

Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation of the atomic bomb , although the exact effects of its radiation were unknown until the early s. Far greater use of military vehicles had finally eliminated the cavalry from the military force structure. After World War II, with the onset of the Cold War , the constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized, as participants engaged in a constant ' arms race ' in capability development.

This constant state of weapons development continues into the present, and remains a constant drain on national resources, which some [ who? The most significant technological developments that influenced combat have been the guided missiles, which can be used by all branches of the armed services. More recently, information technology , and its use in surveillance , including space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasing role in military operations. The impact of information warfare that focuses on attacking command communication systems, and military databases, has been coupled with the new development in military technology, has been the use of robotic systems in intelligence combat, both in hardware and software applications.

Recently, there has also been a particular focus towards the use of renewable fuels for running military vehicles on. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable fuels can be produced in any country, creating a strategic advantage. For much of military history , the armed forces were considered to be for use by the heads of their societies, until recently, the crowned heads of states. In a democracy or other political system run in the public interest, it is a public force. The relationship between the military and the society it serves is a complicated and ever-evolving one. Much depends on the nature of the society itself, and whether it sees the military as important, as for example in time of threat or war, or a burdensome expense typified by defence cuts in time of peace.

One difficult matter in the relation between military and society is control and transparency. In some countries, limited information on military operations and budgeting is accessible for the public. However transparency in the military sector is crucial to fight corruption. Militaries often function as societies within societies, by having their own military communities, economies , education , medicine , and other aspects of a functioning civilian society. Although a 'military' is not limited to nations in of itself as many private military companies or PMC's can be used or 'hired' by organizations and figures as security, escort, or other means of protection; where police, agencies, or militaries are absent or not trusted.

Militarist ideology is the society 's social attitude of being best served, or being a beneficiary of a government , or guided by concepts embodied in the military culture, doctrine, system , or leaders. Either because of the cultural memory , national history, or the potentiality of a military threat , the militarist argument asserts that a civilian population is dependent upon, and thereby subservient to the needs and goals of its military for continued independence. Militarism is sometimes contrasted with the concepts of comprehensive national power , soft power and hard power. Most nations have separate military laws which regulate conduct in war and during peacetime.

An early exponent was Hugo Grotius , whose On the Law of War and Peace had a major impact of the humanitarian approach to warfare development. His theme was echoed by Gustavus Adolphus. Ethics of warfare have developed since , to create constraints on the military treatment of prisoners and civilians, primarily by the Geneva Conventions ; but rarely apply to use of the military forces as internal security troops during times of political conflict that results in popular protests and incitement to popular uprising. International protocols restrict the use, or have even created international bans on some types of weapons, notably weapons of mass destruction WMD.

International conventions define what constitutes a war crime , and provides for war crimes prosecution. Individual countries also have elaborate codes of military justice , an example being the United States' Uniform Code of Military Justice that can lead to court martial for military personnel found guilty of war crimes. Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a humanitarian cause, such as disaster relief operations, or in defence of refugees. The term military humanism is used to refer to such actions.

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Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Main article: Military logistics. Main article: Strategic victory. Main article: Tactical victory. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Militarism. War portal. Dale Understanding modern warfare Second ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN