Essay On Military Deviance
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The last person sentenced to death was Mario Gauthier on May 14, , for the murder of a prison guard in Quebec. He was reprieved as capital punishment was abolished for all common crimes on July 14 the same year. During the First World War , 25 Canadian soldiers were executed. Most were shot for service offences such as desertion and cowardice , but two executions were for murder. One Canadian soldier, Pte. Harold Pringle , was executed during the Second World War for murder. John Radclive was Canada's first professional executioner, placed on the federal payroll as a hangman by a Dominion order-in-council in , on the recommendation of the justice minister Sir John Thompson : [27] Radclive is often described as having trained under British hangman William Marwood although there is no documentary proof for this.
He can be shown to have hanged at least 69 people in Canada, although his life total was probably much higher. At his death, the Toronto Telegram said he had executions. He died of alcohol-related illness in Toronto on February 26, , at the age of Arthur Ellis was the pseudonym of Arthur B. English , a British man who became Canada's official hangman in , after Radclive's death. Ellis worked as a hangman in Canada until the botched execution of Thomasina Sarao in Montreal in , in which she was decapitated. Ellis is prominently featured in the documentary Hangman's Graveyard.
The executioner who worked as Camille Branchaud, a pseudonym, succeeded Ellis. Branchaud was on the Quebec government payroll as a hangman, and executed people elsewhere in the country on a piecework basis. The hangman was traditionally based in Montreal where between and the gallows at Bordeaux Prison saw more executions 85 take place than any other correctional facility in Canada.
Branchaud carried out many executions for which he was not paid in the postwar period in Canada, such as the double hanging of Leonard Jackson and Steven Suchan of the Boyd Gang at the Don Jail in , and Robert Raymond Cook 's execution in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, in The first method of hanging was "hoisting" in which a rope would be thrown over a beam and the convicted person would then be hoisted into the air by others pulling on the rope.
A variation of this included the person with a rope around the neck to stand on a cart and then it would be pushed from under him. This led to the development of suspension in which "the drop" caused by jerking something from underneath the offender became the main component of the execution. They discovered new ways of causing instant unconsciousness and quick death upon hanging. In , the length of a drop extended to nearly five feet which dislocated the neck perfectly. Almost one year later, the length of the drop was extended to seven feet. The majority of offenders put to death by Canadian civilian authorities were executed by the " long drop " technique of hanging developed in the United Kingdom by William Marwood.
This method ensured that the prisoner's neck was broken instantly at the end of the drop, resulting in the prisoner dying of asphyxia while unconscious, which was considered more humane than the slow death by strangulation which often resulted from the previous "short drop" method. The short drop sometimes gave a period of suffering before death finally took place. Early in his career, John Radclive persuaded several sheriffs in Ontario and Quebec to let him use an alternative method in which the condemned person was jerked into the air.
The old plan of a "drop" was discarded for a more merciful machine, by which the prisoner is jerked up from a platform on the ground level by a weight of lbs, which is suspended by an independent rope pending the execution … At the words "Forgive us our trespasses," the executioner drove his chisel against the light rope that held the ponderous iron at the other end of the noose, and in an instant the heavy weight fell with a thud, and the pinioned body was jerked into the air and hung dangling between the rough posts of the scaffold.
The hanging of Reginald Birchall in Woodstock, Ont. After Birchall's hanging, Radclive used the traditional long drop method, as did his successors. While hanging was a relatively humane method of execution under ideal conditions with an expert executioner, mistakes could and have happened. Condemned prisoners were decapitated by accident at Headingley Jail in Manitoba and Bordeaux Jail in Montreal, and a prisoner at the Don Jail in Toronto hit the floor of the room below and was strangled by the hangman.
Some Canadian jails—such as those in Toronto, Whitby and Ottawa, Ontario; Headingley, Manitoba; and Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta—had permanent indoor execution facilities, but more typically offenders were hanged on a scaffold built for the occasion in the jail yard. Military prisoners sentenced to death under Canadian Military Law were shot by a firing squad. Although reintroducing the death penalty in Canada is extremely unlikely, support for capital punishment is similar to its support in the United States , where it is carried out regularly in some states and is on the books in most states and on the federal level. While opposition to the death penalty increased in the s and early s, in recent years Canadians have merged closer to the US's position; in only 48 percent of Canadians favoured death for murderers compared to 62 percent in Since abolition only two parties were known to have advocated to bringing it back: the Reform Party of Canada — and the National Advancement Party of Canada since Among the reasons cited for banning capital punishment in Canada were fears about wrongful convictions , concerns about the state taking people's lives, and uncertainty about the death penalty's role as a deterrent for crime.
His sentence was later commuted to a life sentence and in he was acquitted of the charges although the appeal court did not state that he was in fact innocent. In the s, Canada extradited a criminal, Charles Ng to the United States, even though he appealed to the authorities, as he did not want to potentially face execution. Burns , , determined that Canada should not extradite persons to face trial in other countries for crimes punishable by death unless Canada has received an assurance that the foreign state will not apply the death penalty, essentially overruling Kindler v. Canada Minister of Justice , This is similar to the extradition policies of other nations such as Germany , France , the Netherlands , Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom , Israel , Mexico , Colombia and Australia , which also refuse to extradite prisoners who may be condemned to death.
Extradition where the death penalty is possible was ruled a violation of the European Convention of Human Rights in the case of Soering v United Kingdom outlawing the practice in member states of the Council of Europe , of which all of the European Union member states are part. In November , Canada's minority Conservative government reversed a longstanding policy of automatically requesting clemency for Canadian citizens sentenced to capital punishment. The ongoing case of Alberta -born Ronald Allen Smith , who has been on death row in the United States since after being convicted of murdering two people and who continues to seek calls for clemency from the Canadian government, prompted Canadian Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day to announce the change in policy.
Day has stated that each situation should be handled on a case-by-case basis. Smith's case resulted in a sharp divide between the Liberals and the Conservatives, with the Liberals passing a motion declaring that the government "should stand consistently against the death penalty, as a matter of principle, both in Canada and around the world". However, an overwhelming majority of Conservatives supported the change in policy. In a interview given to Canadian media, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying, "I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overview of capital punishment in Canada.
Main article: Criminal justice in New France. Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on November 16, Retrieved December 12, Septentrion, ISBN The Drummer's Revenge , June 9, The Beaver , Vol 79, No. In DeLloyd Guth ed. Canada's Legal Inheritances. Dictionary of Canadian Biography , vol. Chris McCormick and Len Green. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, , Calgary: Frontier Publishing, , 5. Heath, , 2.
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