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Octavian entered Alexandria, occupied the palace, and seized Cleopatra's three youngest children. Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to Kushite Nubia , Ethiopia, or India. Following the tradition of Macedonian rulers , Cleopatra ruled Egypt and other territories such as Cyprus as an absolute monarch , serving as the sole lawgiver of her kingdom. Although almost 50 ancient works of Roman historiography mention Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies.

Cleopatra is barely mentioned in De Bello Alexandrino , the memoirs of an unknown staff officer who served under Caesar. Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world. Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Egyptian as well as Hellenistic-Greek and Roman styles. For instance, a large gilded bronze statue of Cleopatra once existed inside the Temple of Venus Genetrix in Rome, the first time that a living person had their statue placed next to that of a deity in a Roman temple. Since the s scholars have debated whether or not the Esquiline Venus —discovered in on the Esquiline Hill in Rome and housed in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museums —is a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the statue's hairstyle and facial features , apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the uraeus Egyptian cobra wrapped around the base.

Surviving coinage of Cleopatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC. The inscriptions on the coins are written in Greek, but also in the nominative case of Roman coins rather than the genitive case of Greek coins, in addition to having the letters placed in a circular fashion along the edges of the coin instead of across it horizontally or vertically as was customary for Greek ones. Various coins, such as a silver tetradrachm minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a 'melon' hairstyle.

Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra, [note 66] the sculpture known as the " Berlin Cleopatra ", located in the Antikensammlung Berlin collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the " Vatican Cleopatra ", located in the Vatican Museums, is damaged with a missing nose. Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum , London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome.

Roller speculates that the British Museum head, along with those in the Egyptian Museum , Cairo, the Capitoline Museums, and in the private collection of Maurice Nahmen, while having similar facial features and hairstyles as the Berlin portrait but lacking a royal diadem, most likely represent members of the royal court or even Roman women imitating Cleopatra's popular hairstyle. Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, with a "melon" hairstyle and Hellenistic royal diadem worn over her head, now in the Vatican Museums [1] [3] []. Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, showing Cleopatra with a "melon" hairstyle and Hellenistic royal diadem worn over the head, now in the Altes Museum [1] [3] []. Another painting from Pompeii , dated to the early 1st century AD and located in the House of Giuseppe II, contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra with her son Caesarion, both wearing royal diadems while she reclines and consumes poison in an act of suicide.

In a now lost encaustic painting was discovered in the Temple of Serapis at Hadrian's Villa , near Tivoli, Lazio , Italy, that depicted Cleopatra committing suicide with an asp biting her bare chest. The Portland Vase , a Roman cameo glass vase dated to the Augustan period and now in the British Museum, includes a possible depiction of Cleopatra with Antony. A large Ptolemaic black basalt statue measuring centimetres 41 in in height, now in the Hermitage Museum , Saint Petersburg , is thought to represent Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II , but recent analysis has indicated that it could depict her descendant Cleopatra due to the three uraei adorning her headdress, an increase from the two used by Arsinoe II to symbolize her rule over Lower and Upper Egypt.

In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture , [] a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. Cleopatra appeared in miniatures for illuminated manuscripts , such as a depiction of her and Antony lying in a Gothic-style tomb by the Boucicaut Master in In the performing arts , the death of Elizabeth I of England in , and the German publication in of alleged letters of Cleopatra, inspired Samuel Daniel to alter and republish his play Cleopatra in In Victorian Britain , Cleopatra was highly associated with many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture and her image was used to market various household products, including oil lamps, lithographs , postcards and cigarettes.

Burnand 's Antony and Cleopatra offered satirical depictions of the queen connecting her and the environment she lived in with the modern age. Whereas myths about Cleopatra persist in popular media, important aspects of her career go largely unnoticed, such as her command of naval forces, administrative acts, and publications on ancient Greek medicine. Rowland, who highlights that the "Berenice called Cleopatra" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician Metrodora was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra.

Cleopatra belonged to the Macedonian Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies , [8] [] [] [note 76] their European origins tracing back to northern Greece. Cleopatra I Syra was the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty known for certain to have introduced some non-Greek ancestry. Roller speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman from Memphis in northern Egypt belonging to a family of priests dedicated to Ptah a hypothesis not generally accepted in scholarship , [note 84] but contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. Claims that Cleopatra was an illegitimate child never appeared in Roman propaganda against her.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt. For other uses, see Cleopatra disambiguation. Unlocated tomb probably in Egypt. Main article: Early life of Cleopatra. Further information: First Triumvirate. Main articles: Early life of Cleopatra and Reign of Cleopatra. Left: Cleopatra dressed as a pharaoh and presenting offerings to the goddess Isis , on a limestone stele dedicated by a Greek man named Onnophris, dated 51 BC, and located in the Louvre , Paris. Main article: Reign of Cleopatra. Further information: Liberators' civil war.

Main articles: Donations of Alexandria and Reign of Cleopatra. Main articles: Battle of Actium and Reign of Cleopatra. Main article: Death of Cleopatra. Further information: Ptolemaic coinage and Ancient Greek coinage. Further information: Roman historiography , Greek historiography , Latin literature , and Latin poetry. Further information: List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra. Further information: Ptolemaic coinage , Roman currency , and Ancient Greek coinage. An ancient Roman portrait head , c. A steel engraving published by John Sartain in left depicting the now lost painted death portrait of Cleopatra, an encaustic painting discovered in in the ancient Roman ruins of the Egyptian temple of Serapis at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Lazio ; [] she is seen here wearing the knotted garment of Isis corresponding with Plutarch 's description of her wearing the robes of Isis , [] as well as the radiant crown of the Ptolemaic rulers such as Ptolemy V pictured to the right in a golden octodrachm minted in — BC.

Further information: Portland Vase. Further information: Medieval art , Medieval literature , Renaissance art , Renaissance literature , and Early Modern literature. Further information: List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra , History of modern literature , and Egyptomania. Further information: Ancient Greek literature and Ancient Egyptian literature. See also: Cleopatra race controversy. However, Duane W. Roller , relaying Theodore Cressy Skeat , affirms that Caesarion's reign "was essentially a fiction created by Egyptian chronographers to close the gap between [Cleopatra's] death and official Roman control of Egypt under the new pharaoh, Octavian ", citing, for instance, the Stromata by Clement of Alexandria Roller , pp.

Retrieved 29 July Archived from the original on 2 November Retrieved 21 October Archived from the original on 1 October Retrieved 25 September Raia, Ann R. Bivar, A. Burstein, Stanley M. Gurval, Robert A. Holt, Frank L. Hsia, Chih-tsing , C. Johnson, Janet H. Jones, Prudence J. Kennedy, David L. Roller, Duane W. At a. The euro slipped as Germany looked set for months of complex coalition talks. A developing energy crisis threatens to crimp global growth further at a time markets are preparing for a tapering of Fed stimulus. Oil majors Exxon Mobil and Chevron Corp rose 1. While growth names were hit, value names rebounded as another market rotation appears to be in place: industrials 3M Co and Caterpillar Inc, which tend to benefit the most from an economic rebound, also inched higher although one should obviously be shorting CAT here for its China exposure.

Market participants have moved into value and cyclical stocks from tech-heavy growth names after the Federal Reserve last week indicated it could begin unwinding its bond-buying program by as soon as November, and may raise interest rates in Here are some other notable premarket movers:. Europe likewise drifted lower, with the Stoxx Europe Index erasing earlier gains and turning negative as investors weighed the risk to global growth from the China slowdown and the energy crunch. The benchmark was down 0. Subindexes for technology The DAX outperformed up 0. Here are some of the other biggest European movers today. Given the political calculus involved in trying to form a coalition, the process is expected to play out over several months.

From a markets perspective, the tail risk of the Left party being involved in government has now been removed due to their poor performance and as such, Bunds trade on a firmer footing. Elsewhere, EUR is relatively unfazed due to the inconclusive nature of the result. We will have more on this in a subsequent blog post. Consumer discretionary names and materials firms were the biggest contributors to the late afternoon drag. Financials outperformed, helping mitigate drops in other sectors. Asian equities started the day on a positive note as financials jumped, tracking gains in U.

Resona Holdings was among the top performers after Morgan Stanley raised its view on the stock and Japanese banks. Japanese equities closed lower, erasing an earlier gain, as concerns grew over valuations following recent strength in the local market and turmoil in China. Machinery and electronics makers were the biggest drags on the Topix, which fell 0. Daikin and Bandai Namco were the largest contributors to a dip of less than 0. Both gauges had climbed more 0. Meanwhile, the Shanghai Composite Index fell as much as 1.

Travel and retail stocks gained after reports that the government is making final arrangements to lift all the coronavirus state of emergency order in the nation as scheduled at the end of this month. Banks also posted their biggest one-day gain since Aug. Travel stocks were among the top performers after the prime minister said state premiers must not keep borders closed once agreed Covid vaccination targets are reached. In FX, the U. Yields were higher by up to 4bp across belly of the curve, cheapening 2s5s30s spread by 3. Auctions conclude Tuesday with 7-year supply. Host of Fed speakers due this week, including three scheduled for Monday.

In commodities, Brent futures climbed 1. Base metals are mixed: LME copper rises 0. In equities, Stoxx is up 0. The U. Congress faces a Sept. We also have a bunch of Fed speakers including Williams, Brainard and Evans. Asian equity markets traded somewhat mixed with the region finding encouragement from reopening headlines but with gains capped heading towards month-end, while German election results remained tight and Evergrande uncertainty continued to linger. Furthermore, respectable gains in the largest weighted financial sector and details of the reopening roadmap for New South Wales, which state Premier Berijiklian sees beginning on October 11th, further added to the encouragement.

Conversely, Evergrande concerns persisted as Chinese cities reportedly seized its presales to block the potential misuse of funds and its EV unit suffered another double-digit percentage loss after scrapping plans for its STAR Market listing. Finally, 10yr JGBs were flat but have clawed back some of the after-hour losses on Friday with demand sapped overnight amid the mild gains in stocks and lack of BoJ purchases in the market. Elsewhere, T-note futures mildly rebounded off support at There has been no clear catalyst behind the pullback since the Cash open. The SMI The continued retreat in global bonds has also hit the Tech sector — which resides as the laggard at the time of writing.

Elsewhere, it is worth being cognizant of the current power situation in China as the energy crisis spreads, with Global Times also noting that multiple semiconductor suppliers for Tesla Unch , Apple In FX, the Aussie is holding up relatively well on a couple of supportive factors, including a recovery in commodity prices overnight and the Premier of NSW setting out a timetable to start lifting COVID lockdown and restrictions from October 11 with an end date to completely re-open on December 1. The complex could be feeling some tailwinds from the supply crunch in Britain — which has lead petrol stations to run dry as demand outpaces the supply.

On that note, there have been reports that some African nations are struggling to pump more oil amid delayed maintenance and low investments, with Angola and Nigeria said to average almost k BPD below their quota. On the Iranian front, IAEA said Iran permitted it to service monitoring equipment during September 20thnd with the exception of the centrifuge component manufacturing workshop at the Tesa Karaj facility, with no real updates present regarding the nuclear deal talks. Conversely, Citi said in the immediate aftermath of skyrocketing prices, it is logical to be bearish on crude oil and nat gas today and forward curves for later in , while it added that near-term global oil inventories are low and expected to continue declining maybe through Q1 next year.

Turning to base metals, China announced another round of copper, zinc and aluminium sales from state reserves — with amounts matching the prior sales. Finally, the electricity crunch in China has seen thermal coal prices gain impetus amid tight domestic supply, reduced imports and increased demand. Straight to the German elections this morning where unlike the Ryder Cup the race was tight. The centre-left SPD have secured a narrow lead according to provisional results, which give them Behind them, the Greens are in third place, with a record score of Although the SPD appear to be in first place the different parties will now enter coalition negotiations to try to form a governing majority.

For those wanting more information, our research colleagues in Frankfurt have released a post-election update link here on the results and what they mean. But once those talks proved unsuccessful, discussions on another grand coalition began once again. In terms of interesting snippets, this election marks the first time the SPD have won the popular vote since , which is a big turnaround given that the party were consistently polling in third place over the first half of this year. That said, the Shanghai Comp is down However, I think the discussion on supply in isolation misses an important component and that is demand. In short we had a pandemic that effectively closed the global economy and interrupted numerous complicated supply chains.

The global authorities massively stimulated demand relative to where it would have been in this environment and in some areas have created more demand than there would have been at this stage without Covid. However the supply side has not come back as rapidly. Remember negative oil prices in the early stages of the pandemic. Should they tighten due to what is likely to be a prolonged period of higher prices than people thought even a couple of months ago or should they look to the potential demand destruction of higher prices? The risk of a policy error is high and the problem with forward guidance is that markets demand to know now what they might do over the next few months and quarters so it leaves them exposed a little in uncertain times. This problem has crept up fast on markets with an epic shift in sentiment in the rates market after the BoE meeting Thursday lunchtime.

I would say they were no more hawkish than the Fed the night before but the difference is that the Fed are still seemingly at least a year from raising rates and a lot can happen in that period whereas the BoE could now raise this year more likely February. That has focused the minds of global investors, especially as Norway became the first central bank among the G currencies to raise rates on the same day. So far the the House of Representatives has passed a measure that would keep the government funded through December 3, but it also includes a debt ceiling suspension, so Republicans are expected to block this in the Senate if it still includes that.

The coming week could also see the House of Representatives vote on the bipartisan infrastructure bill c. She reaffirmed that yesterday although the timing may slip. However, there remain divisions among House Democrats, with some progressives not willing to support it unless the reconciliation bill also passes. Overall the sentiment has seemingly shifted a little more positively on there being some progress over the weekend. From politics to central banks and following a busy week of policy meetings, there are an array of speakers over the week ahead. There are lots of other Fed speakers this week and they can add nuances to the taper and dot plot debates.

For the rest of the week ahead see the day-by-day calendar of events at the end. Back to last week now and the highlight was the big rise in global yields which quickly overshadowed the ongoing Evergrande story. Bonds more than reversed an early week rally as yields rose for a fifth consecutive week. However, at the longer end of the curve the 5y30y spread ended the week largely unchanged after a volatile week. Bond yields in Europe moved higher as well with the central bank moves again being the major impetus especially in the UK. While sovereign debt sold off, global equity markets recovered following two consecutive weeks of declines. Although markets entered the week on the back foot following the Evergrande headlines from last weekend, risk sentiment improved at the end of the week, especially toward cyclical industries.

There was limited data from Friday. In Italy, consumer confidence rose to After Evergrande, now we witness another large Chinese property developer Sunac run in financial trouble. The market is almost frozen, the company said in the letter, addressing the local government. Sunac has the third-biggest weighting on a Bloomberg index of Chinese high yield dollar bonds, after Kaisa and a riskier note sold by ICBC this month. The Tianjin-based business reported revenue of The property market fallout is hurting companies in a stronger financial position than Evergrande.

Sunac, which has high speculative-grade ratings at the three global credit risk accessors, has about half the liabilities of its larger peer Evergrande. As Bloomberg reports , the crackdown on power consumption is being driven by rising demand for electricity and surging coal and gas prices as well as strict targets from Beijing to cut emissions. As a reminder, China pollutes more than the US and all developed countries combined …. More problematic for Greta and her pals, between the years and , the amount of electricity generated by burning coal increased more than four-fold in China, hitting around 4, terrawatt hours in the past year. You will find more infographics at Statista.

As the scene below suggests, this is not the first time China has faced winter power demand surges which prompted many to turn to diesel generators to plug the shortages of power from the electricity grid. Simply put, it is the third factor — which is all of its own making — that has raised the risk of a severe shortage of coal and gas — used to heat homes and power factories — this winter; and more ominously, expectations of the need to ration power to those deemed worthy. As we noted earlier in the year , China needs to shutter coal plants to meet its emissions goals of net zero greenhouse emissions by We are now seeing widespread unexpected blackouts in China.

Power company warns tha this is the new normal. People living in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces complained on social media about the lack of heating, and lifts and traffic lights not working. Local media in China — which is highly dependent on coal for power — said the cause was a surge in coal prices leading to short supply. As shown in the chart below, Chinese thermal coal futures have more than doubled in price in the past year. At first, the energy shortage affected factories and manufacturers across the country, many of whom have had to curb or stop production in recent weeks. Between the rental costs and the diesel fuel for powering it, electricity is now twice as expensive as when the factory was simply tapping the grid.

Economists predicted that production interruptions at Chinese factories would make it harder for many stores in the West to restock empty shelves and could contribute to inflation in the coming months. Three publicly traded Taiwanese electronics companies, including two suppliers to Apple and one to Tesla, issued statements on Sunday night warning that their factories were among those affected. Apple had no immediate comment, while Tesla did not respond to a request for comment. The extent of the blackouts is not yet clear, but nearly million people live in the three provinces. In Liaoning province, a factory where ventilators suddenly stopped working had to send 23 staff to hospital with carbon monoxide poisoning.

There were also reports of some who were taken to hospital after they used stoves in poorly-ventilated rooms for heating, and people living in high-rise buildings who had to climb up and down dozens of flights of stairs as their lifts were not functioning. Some municipal pumping stations have shut down, prompting one town to urge residents to store extra water for the next several months , though it later withdrew the advice. One video circulating on Chinese media showed cars travelling on one side of a busy highway in Shenyang in complete darkness, as traffic lights and streetlights were switched off.

Social media posts from the affected region said the situation was similar to living in neighboring North Korea. The Jilin provincial government said efforts were being made to source more coal from Inner Mongolia to address the coal shortage. As noted previously , power restrictions are already in place for factories in 10 other provinces, including manufacturing bases Shandong, Guangdong and Jiangsu. While coal prices have surged along with demand, because the government keeps electricity prices low, particularly in residential areas, usage by homes and businesses has climbed regardless. Faced with losing more money with each additional ton of coal they burn, some power plants have closed for maintenance in recent weeks, saying that this was needed for safety reasons.

Many other power plants have been operating below full capacity, and have been leery of increasing generation when that would mean losing more money, said Lin Boqiang, dean of the China Institute for Energy Policy Studies at Xiamen University. And while the blackouts starting to hit household power usage are at most an inconvenience, if one which may soon result in even more civil unrest if these are not contained, a bigger worry is that the already snarled supply chains could get even more broken, leading to even greater supply-disruption driven inflation. As Source Beijing reports, several chip packaging service providers of Intel and Qualcomm were told to shut down factories in Jiangsu province for several days amid what could be the worst power shortage in years.

The blackout is expected to affect global semiconductor supplies — which as everyone knows are already highly challenged — if the power cuts extend during winter. The NYT confirms as much, writing today that the electricity shortage is starting to make supply chain problems worse. The sudden restart of the world economy has led to shortages of key components like computer chips and has helped provoke a mix-up in global shipping lines, putting in the wrong places too many containers and the ships that carry them. Nomura, a Japanese financial institution, cut its forecast for economic expansion in the last three months of this year to 3 percent, from 4.

It is not clear how long the power crunch will last. Experts in China predicted that officials would compensate by steering electricity away from energy-intensive heavy industries like steel, cement and aluminum, and said that might fix the problem. Authored by Mike Shedlock via MishTalk. A referendum in Berlin requiring large apartment complex owners to sell their their units to the government passed by a large margin. While this law would not impose a rent cap, DWE volunteer Dennis Rahmel thinks that it would still have a dramatic impact on rent prices in the city.

While litigation, such as the kind that met the rent cap law, is likely to challenge this referendum if it passes, it is less likely to be successful because the German constitution specifically allows for such appropriation. The idea that government can create affordable housing at will is of course nonsense. The proposal, if followed and it appears it started in advance , will either result in disrepair of property, higher taxes, or both. However, I doubt such an action in the US would ever pass constitutional muster.

The center-left party took As Bloomberg notes, the country now faces a period of horse trading and coalition building to determine the next chancellor during which Angela Merkel will remain in office. Taking a closer look at the outcome and the known unknowns, we know for example that a left-leaning coalition falling short of a majority while an SPD-led Traffic Light and a CDU-led Jamaica coalition both with the Greens and the FDP are the leading options for the next German government.

According to Goldman, talks for both options will likely proceed in parallel, but the Greens and FDP have indicated that they will also hold bilateral talks as joint kingmakers. These will be key to watch. Efforts will be made to reach an agreement before Christmas and see a slight advantage for the SPD, although the outcome is difficult to call. The outcome was much tighter than implied by the polls. Should it fail to do so it could drop out of parliament as it is unlikely that three candidates will win a direct mandate.

This would make the coalition negotiation process more difficult and lengthy despite intentions to reach an agreement before Christmas. These talks between the joint kingmakers will be the key development to watch in coming weeks. Finally, courtesy of TheLocal. After the centre-left Social Democrats edged victory in the German federal elections, furious coalition talks are getting underway. Due to its proportional voting system, the largest party must secure 50 percent or more of the vote to govern by itself.

After exit polls put the two big parties neck-and-neck in the early evening, the SPD finally squeaked through as the largest party on In many ways, it all depends how much they are willing to compromise. The SPD may be buoyed by success as they enter this game of poker with the other parties — but the truth is, they could still come out empty handed. After the final vote count, the Social Democrats had secured seats of a possible in parliament. The FDP is on board with none of those things — preferring market innovation to state intervention. Experienced negotiator Scholz is known for taking the centre line. And early indications suggest that the FDP are very keen on this constellation.

In fact, the liberals were the junior coalition partner to the conservatives way back in , before the former lost all their seats and ended up having a four-year hiatus from parliament. All of which means the sticking point here could well be the Greens. What promises will the weakened Union have to make this time around to keep both the liberals and the Greens around the negotiating table? Watch this space…. With limited options on the table, it would only take a breakdown of the fragile talks between the FDP and Greens breaking down to put Germany back where it started: in GroKo town. If that happens, Scholz would have slightly more leverage to enforce SPD policies as the larger coalition partner, but it would nonetheless be a distinct continuation of the status quo.

And many voters would not be happy. Politicians are keen to give the country and its allies the stability and certainty in desperately needs. Hoarding of gasoline begins in the uK! One day after oil giant BP warned about rationing gasoline and diesel at UK service stations, Brits began to panic buy fuel as the government tried to calm fears. Lines of cars and trucks are spilling over into the streets at service stations across the country. A BP spokesperson said Thursday that a truck driver shortage has resulted in its inability to transport fuel from refineries to its network of service stations. These words spooked the public, which could cause a more severe shortage due to the hoarding. Gasoline and diesel shortages will only stoke higher prices amid an expanding energy crisis that has resulted in another shortage: natural gas.

This has caused power prices to erupt and disrupted chemical plants that halted fertilizer production, and has caused headaches for major food supply chains. Brits are also panic hoarding food. The Daily Mail provides a list of issues that threatens a winter of discontent:. A shortage of natural gas causing a spike in gas bills for millions of Britons, along with the possibility of dozens of small energy firms going bust;. A shortage of natural gas leading to the closure of fertilizer plants, which produce the CO2 used in fizzy drinks and the meat industry;. The Government has since agreed a deal with fertilizer firms to restart a factory in a bid to maintain CO2 production;. Bosses say this could impact both of Christmas dinners and have an impact on the number of toys on the shelves;.

Now bosses of major fuel firms have warned they will have to start shutting petrol stations because there are not enough lorry drivers to effectively distribute to all of its petrol stations;. It comes after the Bank of England warned on Thursday that surging household energy bills would send the cost of living spiralling by more than 4 percent this winter — the highest rate of growth for a decade. Worst still, there are now fears that shortages could bite households in the run-up to Christmas. The classic Christmas dinner could be decimated, with turkey, pigs in blankets, potatoes and brussel sprouts all at risk.

Prime Minister Boris Johnson requested the Army to begin fuel deliveries to petrol stations. By Saturday, lines of cars spilled over into the streets at petrol stations and continued into the new week. The shortage has been made worse because of hoarding. PRA chairman, Brian Madderson, said hoarding had worsened the crisis as it may take weeks to restock fuel supplies in the country. In a move to boost HGV drivers, the government is considering calling the military to transport fuel to petrol stations. The country needs at least 5, more HGV drivers after it lost drivers post-Brexit and after the COVID pandemic, which adds even more woes not just to the fuel supply chain network but has also disrupted food supplies at supermarkets.

The scenes playing out in the UK this weekend are spilling over into the new week. They are reminiscent of the US panic buying in May when the Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack created shortages at petrol stations. The high cost of natgas makes fertilizer uneconomical to make. The culprit behind surging natgas prices has been declining flows into Europe via Russia, though there are signs natgas shipments could increase in November. Disruptions of ammonia supply and other fertilizers have had a significant impact on the production of carbon dioxide supply in the UK, sending the industry into a tizzy and rippling through food supply chains , such as slaughterhouses to packaging to carbonated drinks to dry ice production.

Pickett said the fertilizer industry would remain under pressure as long as natgas prices remain high. A perfect storm of events, such as declining Russian natgas into Europe, triggering an energy crisis that now bears down on food supply chains in the UK and possibly Europe, has the potential to create widespread disruptions. As for the growing season, farmers might become hesitant to plant with fertilizer prices at high levels.

Via The Automatic Earth blog,. This is an anonymously posted document by someone who calls themselves Spartacus. If you want to know a lot more about the no. But I learned a lot. We have been forced to watch America and the Free World spin into inexorable decline due to a biowarfare attack. We, along with countless others, have been victimized and gaslit by propaganda and psychological warfare operations being conducted by an unelected, unaccountable Elite against the American people and our allies. Our mental and physical health have suffered immensely over the course of the past year and a half. We have felt the sting of isolation, lockdown, masking, quarantines, and other completely nonsensical acts of healthcare theater that have done absolutely nothing to protect the health or wellbeing of the public from the ongoing COVID pandemic.

Now, we are watching the medical establishment inject literal poison into millions of our fellow Americans without so much as a fight. We have been told that we will be fired and denied our livelihoods if we refuse to vaccinate. This was the last straw. We have spent thousands of hours analyzing leaked footage from Wuhan, scientific papers from primary sources, as well as the paper trails left by the medical establishment. First, we will summarize our findings, and then, we will explain them in detail. References will be placed at the end. COVID is a blood and blood vessel disease.

Current treatment protocols e. The continued use of ventilators in the absence of any proven medical benefit constitutes mass murder. Existing countermeasures are inadequate to slow the spread of what is an aerosolized and potentially wastewater-borne virus, and constitute a form of medical theater. Various non-vaccine interventions have been suppressed by both the media and the medical establishment in favor of vaccines and expensive patented drugs. Vaccines will do more harm than good.

SARS-CoV-2 may have ADE, or antibody-dependent enhancement; current antibodies may not neutralize future strains, but instead help them infect immune cells. Also, vaccinating during a pandemic with a leaky vaccine removes the evolutionary pressure for a virus to become less lethal. There is a vast and appalling criminal conspiracy that directly links both Anthony Fauci and Moderna to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Independent researchers have discovered mysterious nanoparticles inside the vaccines that are not supposed to be present. The entire pandemic is being used as an excuse for a vast political and economic transformation of Western society that will enrich the already rich and turn the rest of us into serfs and untouchables.

COVID is not a viral pneumonia. It is a viral vascular endotheliitis and attacks the lining of blood vessels, particularly the small pulmonary alveolar capillaries, leading to endothelial cell activation and sloughing, coagulopathy, sepsis, pulmonary edema, and ARDS-like symptoms. This is a disease of the blood and blood vessels. The circulatory system. Any pneumonia that it causes is secondary to that. In severe cases, this leads to sepsis, blood clots, and multiple organ failure, including hypoxic and inflammatory damage to various vital organs, such as the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and intestines. While its most common initial presentation is respiratory illness and flu-like symptoms, it can present as brain inflammation, gastrointestinal disease, or even heart attack or pulmonary embolism.

COVID is more severe in those with specific comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. This is because these conditions involve endothelial dysfunction, which renders the circulatory system more susceptible to infection and injury by this particular virus. However, this ratio is only correct for known cases, not all infections. The number of actual infections is much, much higher. Consequently, the mortality and morbidity rate is lower. However, COVID spreads very quickly, meaning that there are a significant number of severely-ill and critically-ill patients appearing in a short time frame. In those who have critical COVIDinduced sepsis, hypoxia, coagulopathy, and ARDS, the most common treatments are intubation, injected corticosteroids, and blood thinners.

In severe hypoxia, cellular metabolic shifts cause ATP to break down into hypoxanthine, which, upon the reintroduction of oxygen, causes xanthine oxidase to produce tons of highly damaging radicals that attack tissue. In the mitochondria, succinate buildup due to sepsis does the same exact thing; when oxygen is reintroduced, it makes superoxide radicals. This drives autoimmunity. Oxidized lipids appear as foreign objects to the immune system, which recognizes and forms antibodies against OSEs, or oxidation-specific epitopes.

Also, oxidized lipids feed directly into pattern recognition receptors, triggering even more inflammation and summoning even more cells of the innate immune system that release even more destructive enzymes. This is similar to the pathophysiology of Lupus. No amount of supplemental oxygen can oxygenate blood that chemically refuses to bind O2. The RAAS is a hormone control system that moderates fluid volume in the body and in the bloodstream i.

This protein, ACE2, is ubiquitous in every part of the body that interfaces with the circulatory system, particularly in vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, brain astrocytes, renal tubules and podocytes, pancreatic islet cells, bile duct and intestinal epithelial cells, and the seminiferous ducts of the testis, all of which SARS-CoV-2 can infect, not just the lungs. TMPRSS2, or transmembrane protease serine 2, comes along and cuts off the heads of the Spike, exposing the S2 stalk-shaped subunit inside.

The remainder of the Spike undergoes a conformational change that causes it to unfold like an extension ladder, embedding itself in the cell membrane. Then, it folds back upon itself, pulling the viral membrane and the cell membrane together. They also have other pathogenic, harmful effects. The virus suppresses the natural interferon response, resulting in delayed inflammation. Also, it suppresses the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. This constant calcium influx into the cells results in or is accompanied by noticeable hypocalcemia, or low blood calcium, especially in people with Vitamin D deficiencies and pre-existing endothelial dysfunction. This results in prostaglandin release and vastly increased intracellular calcium signaling, which promotes highly aggressive ROS release and ATP depletion.

NADPH oxidase releases superoxide into the extracellular space. Superoxide radicals react with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite. This proceeds in a positive feedback loop until nitric oxide bioavailability in the circulatory system is depleted. Dissolved nitric oxide gas produced constantly by eNOS serves many important functions, but it is also antiviral against SARS-like coronaviruses, preventing the palmitoylation of the viral Spike protein and making it harder for it to bind to host receptors. The loss of NO allows the virus to begin replicating with impunity in the body.

Those with endothelial dysfunction i. Due to the extreme cytokine release triggered by these processes, the body summons a great deal of neutrophils and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages to the lungs. Cells of the innate immune system are the first-line defenders against pathogens. They work by engulfing invaders and trying to attack them with enzymes that produce powerful oxidants, like SOD and MPO. Superoxide dismutase takes superoxide and makes hydrogen peroxide, and myeloperoxidase takes hydrogen peroxide and chlorine ions and makes hypochlorous acid, which is many, many times more reactive than sodium hypochlorite bleach. Neutrophils have a nasty trick. They can also eject these enzymes into the extracellular space, where they will continuously spit out peroxide and bleach into the bloodstream.

This is called neutrophil extracellular trap formation, or, when it becomes pathogenic and counterproductive, NETosis. Hypochlorous acid building up in the bloodstream begins to bleach the iron out of heme and compete for O2 binding sites. Red blood cells lose the ability to transport oxygen, causing the sufferer to turn blue in the face. Unliganded iron, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide in the bloodstream undergo the Haber- Weiss and Fenton reactions, producing extremely reactive hydroxyl radicals that violently strip electrons from surrounding fats and DNA, oxidizing them severely. This condition is not unknown to medical science.

The actual name for all of this is acute sepsis. We know this is happening in COVID because people who have died of the disease have noticeable ferroptosis signatures in their tissues, as well as various other oxidative stress markers such as nitrotyrosine, 4-HNE, and malondialdehyde. When you intubate someone with this condition, you are setting off a free radical bomb by supplying the cells with O2. The correct treatment for severe COVID related sepsis is non-invasive ventilation, steroids, and antioxidant infusions. N-acetylcysteine, melatonin, fluvoxamine, budesonide, famotidine, cimetidine, and ranitidine are all antioxidants.

Indomethacin prevents iron- driven oxidation of arachidonic acid to isoprostanes. There are powerful antioxidants such as apocynin that have not even been tested on COVID patients yet which could defang neutrophils, prevent lipid peroxidation, restore endothelial health, and restore oxygenation to the tissues. Scientists who know anything about pulmonary neutrophilia, ARDS, and redox biology have known or surmised much of this since March They also know that sepsis can be effectively treated with antioxidants.

None of this information is particularly new, and yet, for the most part, it has not been acted upon. Doctors continue to use damaging intubation techniques with high PEEP settings despite high lung compliance and poor oxygenation, killing an untold number of critically ill patients with medical malpractice. The clinical course of COVID is such that by the time most people seek medical attention for hypoxia, their viral load has already tapered off to almost nothing. If someone is about 10 days post-exposure and has already been symptomatic for five days, there is hardly any virus left in their bodies, only cellular damage and derangement that has initiated a hyperinflammatory response.

It is from this group that the clinical trials for antivirals have recruited, pretty much exclusively. We guarantee a perfect price-quality balance to all students. The more pages you order, the less you pay. We can also offer you a custom pricing if you feel that our pricing doesn't really feel meet your needs. Along with our writing, editing, and proofreading skills, we ensure you get real value for your money, hence the reason we add these extra features to our homework help service at no extra cost.

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