Theme Of Homosexuality In The Great Gatsby
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Themes and Motifs of the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
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No free will : man is determined by circumstances beyond his command instincts, environments, heredity; therefore most naturalistic novels take the form of social and psychological tragedies. This conception of life is of course very pessimistic, since life and the individual will are seen as meaningless. Since the scientific method is the model for literary creation, the naturalist writer should not use his imagination, but only search and record facts — social, biological, psychological facts. They usually made extensive preparatory research before writing.
Like a medical scientist, the writer makes experiments and observes the results : after setting characters in a given situation and environment, they observe their reactions. In a way, they aim at dissecting the human mind and the body. The choice of subject was often the lower classes, with a view to denouncing the state of society; they were often accused of selecting the most sordid aspects of human nature vice, violence….
The plot was most of the time presented chronologically insistence on the determinism of causes and effects and it could, in the worst cases, be very loosely built, out of a certain carelessness about the aesthetic effect. The impression of objectivity was often achieved by means of lengthy descriptions, which tries to illustrate the interplay between man and his environment, and through the use of a distanciated omniscient narrator, whose intervention was sometimes limited to external focalisation. The style was sometimes unequal and awkward. Naturalism was much more important as a movement in the States than in Great Britain. This can be partly explained by the fact that the social change was even faster and more radical in this country after the Civil War The period saw the end of the agrarian myth of a pastoral America in the face of rapid industrialisation, especially in the North, and the closing of the Frontier in The American dream of capitalistic success did not materialize either for most immigrants and the urban poor.
The Great Depression that followed the Wall Street crash and ruined international trade, putting millions of workers worldwide ouf of a job, accordingly saw a resurgence of Naturalism, which lasted until the second World War. It is mainly represented by John Steinbeck , whose work is marked by compassion for poor and marginal people : Of Mice and Men , The Grapes of Wrath Richard Wright , an African American author whose Native Son deals with the problems of race and violence, was also a Naturalist. Of Mice and Men is not only a naturalistic novel, it has other dimensions.
Yet it is quite close to the general concerns of naturalism, both in subject matter ad in narrative technique. The choice of poor farm hands as protagonists and, for the plot, of a violent murder brought about by a mix of social oppression and sexual desire, ties in with the objective of portraying society as it is, under its often sordid aspects, with a critical aim. The scientific method that underpins the novel is behaviourism, a then influential school of psychology inspired by biology. Emotions and motivations are irrelevant here; so is teleology determination by final causes. In Of Mice and Men, this purely objective approach is embodied in the structure of the text by its being constructed like a stage play.
It consists in the description of settings — which pose the social context and the atmosphere, of actions, of dialogues on the vernacular. The narrator does not intervene in the story; he is a mere spectator or witness, using the techniques of external focalisation, or zero focalisation. Another naturalistic theme is the parallel between men and animals, first seen in the title. The men are little more than animals: the ranch society is like a pack of dogs or wolves, in which only the dominant male has a right to a female, and where everyone intents on defending his territory even Crooks, the black man, transforms his exclusion into a desire for privacy. Lenny is innocent but dangerous, hence animal-like; his love of soft things is the way in which desire and sexuality find their way to a tragic end.
Finally, nature is seen under a dual aspect. In the opening and closing scenes, it is indifferent to man, in true Darwinian fashion. It is then Edenic, in harmony with man, as in the Jeffersonian Frontier. It is an illusion, yet dreams are powerful too: they can influence reality, as they influenced the lives of these characters. Due to the tradition of realism that had pervaded English literature since the end of the 18th century, a tradition that did not deny the claims of the imagination, the naturist movement had less audience than in France and the USA. Hardy and Conrad shared with the naturalists a sense of tragedy, a belief in the uselessness of human free will, and a conviction that savagery lurked just beneath the veneer of civilisation.
These aesthetic and epistemological characteristics identify Hardy and Conrad with the naturalistic school perhaps less as they make them forerunners of Modernism. Realism and Naturalism are based on the premises that reality can be known science as total knowledge and can be represented objectively transparency of the medium. Hence its closeness to the social sciences and psychology realism and to biology naturalism. These movements aimed at representing society as it is, often with a critical intention Dickens, Hardy, Conrad. Why choose only the middle classes or the poor?
Exceptional people or the aristocracy are also a part of reality. Happy-endings can be as true to life as naturalistic tragedies. Everything is seen through her subjectivity; even the narrator becomes less and less omniscient as the book develops. Another reaction against the strictures of Realism was to be found in the movement called Aestheticism, whose most famous practitioner was Oscar Wilde A famous dandy, Wilde was very popular among the Victorian higher classes, yet this open homosexuality brought about a trial and prison sentence, and the end of his career.
His works, celebrated for their incisive wit and many paradoxes expose the arbitrariness of conventional wisdom and morality. Plays like The Importance of Being Earnest are a sharp critique of Victorian morality and hypocrisy, satire under the veil of comedy. The latter is a parody of Victorian moralistic stories, often aimed at the education of young gentlemen. It is centre on the paradox of a moral crime, or a murder committed out of a sense of duty. Being told by a cheiromantist that he will commit a crime, Savile decides to kill before marrying, for fear of bringing dishonour on his bride. He ends up killing the cheiromantist and lives happily ever after.
The story is a satire on the fashionable superstitions of the time: the fortune-teller reveals to be a fake, and his prediction a self-fulfilling prophecy. It is also an indictment of the confusion between morality and upper-class selfishness and conventions. As a crime without punishment, it is the opposite of a moral tale, even though it masquerades as one. The story is not realistic since it does not obey the laws of verisimilitude, and since its comic tone contrasts with the seriousness of most realistic works, yet it does have an indirect social relevance.
It follows the structure of the fairy tale, in which a pure young girl saves the damned soul. But its main impetus is a comparison between Britain and America, or two visions of the world. Because of such themes, The Great Gatsby captures the perennial American experience as it is a story about change and those who resist it—whether such change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants, the nouveau riche , or successful minorities.
Questions regarding the sexuality of various characters in the novel have been raised for decades and—augmented by biographical details about the author—have given rise to queer readings. Although Fitzgerald's sexuality is a subject of scholarly debate, [m] such biographical details lent credence to critical interpretations that his fictional characters are either gay or bisexual surrogates.
McKee and—following suggestive ellipses—Nick next finds himself standing beside a bed while McKee sits between the sheets clad only in his underwear. Technological and environmental criticisms of Gatsby seek to place the novel and its characters in a broader historical context. In more recent years, scholars have argued that the voracious pursuit of wealth as criticized in Fitzgerald's novel offers a warning about the perils of environmental destruction in pursuit of self-interest. The Great Gatsby has been accused of antisemitism because of its use of Jewish stereotypes. A corrupt profiteer who assists Gatsby's bootlegging operations and who fixed the World Series , he appears only twice in the novel, the second time refusing to attend Gatsby's funeral. Fitzgerald describes Wolfsheim as "a small, flat-nosed Jew", with "tiny eyes" and "two fine growths of hair" in his nostrils.
Wolfsheim has been interpreted as representing the Jewish miser stereotype. He notes the accounts of Frances Kroll , a Jewish woman and secretary to Fitzgerald, who claimed that Fitzgerald was hurt by accusations of antisemitism and responded to critiques of Wolfsheim by claiming he merely "fulfilled a function in the story and had nothing to do with race or religion". Gatsby has been adapted for the stage multiple times since its publication. The first known stage adaptation was by American dramatist Owen Davis, [] which subsequently became the film version.
The play, directed by George Cukor , opened on Broadway on February 2, , and had curtain calls. A successful tour later in the year included performances in Chicago, August 1 through October 2. The work, called The Great Gatsby , premiered on December 20, The show received an encore run the following year. The first movie version of the novel debuted in It is a famous example of a lost film. Reviews suggest it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel, but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist.
Zelda wrote to an acquaintance that the film was "rotten". She and Scott left the cinema midway through the film. Gatsby has been recast multiple times as a short-form television movie. The episode was directed by Alvin Sapinsley. The novel has been adapted in other media formats such as radio episodes and video games. It was created by dramatist Robert Forrest. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the novel. Scott Fitzgerald 's romance and life-long obsession with socialite Ginevra King informed the plot of the novel.
The now-demolished Beacon Towers partly served as an inspiration for Gatsby's home. Oheka Castle was another North Shore inspiration for the novel's setting. Drafts of the cover by artist Francis Cugat juxtaposed with the final version. In one draft first , a single eye loomed over Long Island Sound. In a subsequent draft second , Cugat expanded upon this concept to feature two eyes gazing over the New York cityscape. In the final cover third , the shadowy cityscape was replaced by carnival lights evoking Coney Island. Novels portal s portal. Scott Fitzgerald as the poet laureate of the Jazz Age , "the most raucous, gaudy era in U.
Living in poverty, he attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head in Fitzgerald enclosed them with a letter to Willa Cather in They are now in the Fitzgerald Papers at Princeton University. Paul hospital. I am half feminine—at least my mind is". This was the generation whose girls dramatized themselves as flappers ". At first petting was a desperate adventure even under such favorable conditions, but presently confidences were exchanged and the old commandment broke down ". Afterward he wrote in his ledger foreboding words, spoken to him perhaps by Ginevra's father, 'Poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls'".
Fitzgerald wished to be killed in battle, and he hoped that his novel would become a great success in the wake of his death. Sketchy about ordering meals, she completely ignored the laundry". Consequently, he harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their milieu. Flushing Meadows was drained and became the location of the World's Fair. Near the end of her life Zelda Fitzgerald said that Gatsby was based on 'a neighbor named Von Guerlach or something who was said to be General Pershing 's nephew and was in trouble over bootlegging'".
Her pictorial counterpart was drawn by the American cartoonist John Held Jr. Editor Matthew J. Bruccoli notes: "This name combines two automobile makes: The sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric ". While reflecting upon the wild parties held during the Jazz Age on "that slender riotous island", Fitzgerald wrote the early story fragments which would become The Great Gatsby. Naturally, it fascinated him as all splendor did". Unfortunately, it was too late to change". It had a garish dust jacket and I remember being embarrassed by the violence, bad taste, and slippery look of it.
It looked like the book jacket for a book of bad science fiction. Scot told me not to be put off by it, that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story. He said he had liked the jacket and now he didn't like it. I took it off to read the book". The story for all its basic triviality has a fine texture; a careful and brilliant finish What gives the story distinction is something quite different from the management of the action or the handling of the characters; it is the charm and beauty of the writing". Scott Fitzgerald died in , he thought he was a failure". When it was published in this ironic tale of life on Long Island, at a time when gin was the national drink and sex the national obsession, it received critical acclaim.
In it, Mr. Fitzgerald was at his best". One soldier said that books with 'racy' passages were as popular as 'pin-up girls'". She is the green light that signals him into the heart of his ultimate vision Thus the American dream, whose superstitious valuation of the future began in the past, gives the green light through which alone the American returns to his traditional roots, paradoxically retreating into the pattern of history while endeavoring to exploit the possibilities of the future". The 's, the time of the reborn Ku Klux Klan , immigration restriction legislation , and the pseudo-scientific racism of Madison Grant and Lothrop Stoddard was one of the periods when concern about ethnicity was most evident on the surface of national life".
Bruccoli, author Robert McAlmon and other contemporaries in Paris publicly asserted that Fitzgerald was a homosexual, and Hemingway later avoided Fitzgerald due to these rumors. He spent the evening casually asking for cigarettes in the middle of the dance floor and absent-mindedly drawing a small vanity case from the top of a blue stocking". Paulson remarked in that "the novel is about identity, about leaving home and venturing into a world of adults, about choosing a profession, about choosing a sexual role to play as well as a partner to love, it is a novel that surely appeals on several deep levels to the problems of adolescent readers".
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