Personal Narrative: Lieutenant Commander Burmaster

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This is to say that it had been in combat for six weeks. It had experienced its first American death a month earlier. As noted above, another had occurred just one day before the My Lai operation. In between, three men had been killed in a minefield incident. Over the period in question, a total of 28 had been wounded. Actual contacts with the enemy amounted to one or two at most. Meanwhile, however, for all its relative combat inexperience, it had already gotten into the habit of raping, torturing, and killing. On a prior operation, after a first platoon radio operator angrily threw an old man down a well, Calley himself shot the man in cold blood.

The second platoon had already become known as accomplished rapists, with the platoon leader on at least one occasion allegedly a participant. Nor was the third platoon by March 16 apparently a stranger to brutality. On the morning of My Lai, its just-arrived lieutenant, a replacement officer, watched with horror as his new command moved through in the wake of the others finishing off anyone or anything that moved. My Lai was not just Calley and a handful of fellow renegades, then.

At My Lai 4 alone, there were three platoons on the ground that morning, in excess of armed infantrymen, with significant numbers of all three taking part in the slaughter over a period of several hours. Also present, and in the first two cases, actively torturing and killing people, were three commissioned officers. Furthermore, accompanying the third platoon was the commanding officer of the entire unit, Captain Ernest Medina. Throughout the day he responded evasively to radioed inquiries about civilian casualties with vague reports about a number possibly killed by supporting air and artillery strikes, but professing ignorance of the killing by the platoons.

As to personal actions, he admitted only to the shooting, in instinctive self-defense as he described it, of one mortally wounded Vietnamese woman whose movement he caught out of his peripheral vision as his command group moved through the village. As to his briefing the night before, it is agreed that he actively talked up the impending mission to the company as a chance to get even for their dead and wounded buddies.

Testimony was divided on whether he authorized in advance the killing of civilians. There is general agreement that, if he did not tell the soldiers of Company C to kill anyone they saw the next day, he gave them the firm impression that anyone they saw the next day could be considered the enemy and killed. One can debate endlessly, as did hordes of investigators and lawyers, over the fine legal points of such ambiguity in the message but not its results.

It had primed a large number of men to commit mass murder. But even now the larger massacre story is incompletely told. Claims have been made that its part of the massacre began with shooting at Vietnamese under the impression that the Charlie Company gunfire was part of an enemy attack. Ironically, then, it is in the lesser known mass murders at My Lai, that we come closest to any picture of collective psychological breakdown. On the other hand, testimony about the pre-mission briefing again suggests a unit being prepared to kill people on sight.

Accordingly, the emphasis on mob identification and common outlawry here leads to a second major hypothesis frequently ventured about the My Lai massacre as largely attributable to a failure of leadership at every level from the platoon up to the division and back. This idea contains perhaps a greater amount of truth. But to understand it fully, one conversely has to go back and start in the ranks. One point everyone agrees on—in itself close to a death sentence for discipline in any unit facing combat—is that there seems to have been close to an absolute vacuum of traditional, professionalized non-commissioned officer leadership. Medina had a first sergeant with 18 years experience; but in accord with fairly common practice in Vietnam, he seems not to have been in the field.

In contrast, the other NCOs with the platoons, few in number and relatively young and inexperienced, all seem to have partaken of the disastrously common unit mentality in a way that made them fairly indistinguishable from their enlisted counterparts. To be sure, the absence of experienced senior NCOs was a problem common to the Vietnam army by early , particularly in the infantry, where professional cadres had already experienced the attrition of death, wounds, age, and multiple tours of service. Here, it proved uniquely catastrophic. For in the newly arrived 11th Infantry Brigade, not only were most of the handful of NCOs with the two companies unsure and untested; so were all the enlisted men. Much reproach was leveled at the time and later at an in-country replacement policy system in Vietnam whereby units were regularly filled out after losses and rotations by men totally new to combat, thrown into the field after minimal in-country training with the hope basically of surviving long enough to learn from their experienced squad and platoon mates.

Here, ironically, that maligned system might have supplied at lest minimal leadership in the ranks, with a cohort sufficiently acquainted with the fears and frustrations of combat over a period of time to provide an example of experienced restraint. Instead, to a man, one of the least combat-ready formations imaginable for the kind of fighting generally encountered by the Americans throughout Vietnam was cast into arguably one of the most difficult areas of operation in the war.

They were terrible. To be sure, Calley led the list. He was the laughing stock of Charlie Company. He was an incompetent and a pariah, under attack from both above and below, who tried to mask his insecurities with unconvincing explosions of rage. The resultant buffoonery was further packaged back into the blustering and strutting often characteristic of the little man in the military, the proverbial shortround. If Calley led the officer disaster list, however, it was just barely. In lieutenants, as already suggested above, Company C at large could count only degrees of bad. A former enlisted soldier and NCO himself, he seems to have performed well in officer candidate school, and he had a good training record with the company in Hawaii. In Vietnam, however, he quickly reaped the consequences of running all three platoons like a ganglord.

With their own lieutenants in charge, they invariably performed poorly. When all discipline vanished among the lead platoons during the first few minutes that morning in My Lai 4, it was an uncontrolled meltdown. It was also, since joining Task Force Barker, a unit with a history of brutality. For his pains, the third captain got a bullet in the back during a firefight in mid-February. The general assumption was that one of his own soldiers shot him. Whatever the caliber of his leadership or the manner of his wounding, any veteran of A company who was alive a month later must surely reverence their brief association with him. When Barker planned and executed the new task force mission for March 16, he was at pains to make sure the less than reliable Company A was left behind.

In fact, then, we know now the only thing differentiating the two companies present at My Lai by the end of the killing on March 16 was the sheer volume of the murders committed by the runaway Calley platoon. Michles was killed a few months later in a helicopter crash. Also killed, as it happened, was Barker, by then promoted to command of a full battalion, who had chosen the former B Company commander to serve him as his intelligence officer. As for that higher-ranking officer, remembered now to history for commanding the infamous task force bearing his name, at the time of My Lai he was an unassigned lieutenant colonel trying to make good in a war where literally hundreds of counterparts of the same rank were scrambling to get command time with official line battalions, let alone odd, off-the-wall formations like this.

Barker quickly seems to have created his own war as well, suddenly racking up body counts that became the envy of the division. On the afternoon before My Lai, he too had met with his staff and subordinates, including, most crucially, the two ground company commanders, for a briefing about their newest mission. As to approval of the mission from his immediate superior in the chain of command, Barker could not have been more sure of the support of the new brigade commander, a full colonel named Oran K.

He had in fact flown personally to Task Force Barker headquarters that day and had honored the briefing group with a prefatory pep talk, urging increased aggressiveness in closing with the enemy and destroying his capacity to operate any longer as a military threat. Meanwhile, Koster, a Major General, ran his division —itself in existence as a unit for only five months—as if it had a traditional, well-established identification and command structure like that of veteran Vietnam counterparts such as the 1st Infantry, the 25th Infantry, the st Airborne, or the First Air Cav, when the Americal—with the name itself resurrected from World War II Pacific lore—was in fact a field expedient, a grab bag, as noted earlier, parading as a fusion, of three separate, light infantry brigades, all of them rushed into existence for service in Vietnam and themselves of uneven, disparate leadership and experience.

An ambitious careerist, with a great opinion of his aptitude for Olympian overviews, on one hand he seems to have run a headquarters operating at an unusual distance from subordinate commands. On the other hand, when he felt like it—most disastrously in the case of Task Force Barker—he too fractured the chain of command to facilitate personal projects, overleaping the conventional brigade structure to allow Barker independent command, as the task force organization took Medina and Michles out of the traditional battalion command structure, as Medina in particular seems to have taken his lieutenants out of the traditional company command organization, and so forth down the line to the rampaging mob of rapists and murderers on the ground.

For anyone who remembers how quickly any combat action in Vietnam from the squad level up could turn into a command and communications nightmare both on the ground and above, there can be little surprise at how the hot-wired arrangement of March 16 began acting itself out with grim predictability as the slaughter got started. Echelons of helicopters hovered above the battlefield, with a progression of officers—the task force executive officer, the task force commander, the brigade commander—micromanaging in the air above, demanding reports, shouting orders, insuring in the customary squad-leader-in-the-sky fashion that command radio frequencies would be filled with confused and frequently conflicting information.

The killing of civilians was a repeated subject of radio traffic, with Barker landing in one case to engage Medina in a shouted argument on the topic. As is known to readers of the historical literature, in another instance a heroic helicopter pilot from an aviation unit flying in support of the operation, Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson also reported over the air about what clearly looked to him like a massacre, actually landing at one point to rescue wounded Vietnamese and threatening to have his door gunners open fire on U. Meanwhile, over the infantry channels, from the platoon and company level up to brigade and division and then back down again, confusion locked in like a firewall so that truthful reporting could be avoided and responsibility, then and later, suitably befuddled.

Some perfunctory inquiries were made at the brigade and division level about civilian casualties. Medina stuck to his earlier story of 20 or 25 mistakenly killed by air and artillery support. Thompson, the helicopter pilot, registered an official protest about one of the killings he had witnessed. It went through the aviation chain of command. If anything, the days and months following My Lai saw its primary command participants actively prospering in the Army rewards system.

As noted, at the time of their deaths three months later, Barker had been given a battalion of his own, and Michles, the B Company commander, had been selected to join him as his intelligence officer. Calley eventually went on to other duties, actually being allowed to extend his combat tour for assignments including, of all things, a civil affairs staff position and some long-range patrol duty—the latter usually reserved for only the most expert and reliable field soldiers.

And for his Americal duty, Koster was rewarded by his superiors with the prize position of superintendent of West Point, in the tradition of McArthur, Westmoreland, and others, almost a sure preliminary to ultimate selection as chief of staff. This picture of actual reward for atrocity and cover-up of war crime leads us to the largest supposition frequently ventured about the massacre and its continuing moral centrality to American memory of the Vietnamese war: that, despite its astonishing and horrifying magnitude, it was in a many ways a microcosm, an abstract or epitome, of the American way of war in Vietnam.

And in many ways, one must admit, this may be the one that comes closest to the truth: that, attempting to fight a guerrilla war, in which an indigenous enemy continuously hid itself among a civilian population of dubious loyalty to a U. It is the rare personal narrative of the war that does not involve some particular moment of confrontation with an awareness of the sufferings and deaths of civilians. Likewise, almost every Vietnam novel seems to contain a core of atrocity—some distinct, specifiable scene of horror: a rape; a murder; the torture of prisoners; or turning them over to the South Vietnamese Army, the ARVN, which was the moral equivalent.

To be sure, all throughout the war, no matter what the area of operations, Americans in combat tried to honor rules of engagement, in many cases even to rescue civilians, sometimes paying with their bodies and their lives for the effort. The fact remains that, according to what now seem to be reliable figures, of the possibly 4 million North and South Vietnamese who died in the war, at least one million were South Vietnamese civilians—killed at the rate of , per year. For all this, we still struggle hopelessly to comprehend what a particular unit of American soldiers did to a particular population of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai village complex on March 16, Indeed, we do so to the degree that one would be almost relieved to find in it some dreadful convergence of the fates, everything that was wrong with the American conduct of the war somehow achieving critical mass in one concentrated horror.

One version of the story would then go like this: frustrated and enraged by the deaths and mutilations of comrades by sniper bullets and booby-traps, an ill-disciplined, trigger-happy task force of two infantry companies from probably the worst brigade of the worst division in Vietnam, is given a mission where they are led to believe they will finally get revenge on the unseen enemy. One, going in by air assault amidst preparatory air and artillery strikes, by gross mischance is spearheaded by a platoon led by the worst lieutenant in the army; by equally gross mischance; the other, landing a short distance away, immediately loses an officer and several men to yet another booby trap.

Encountering in both cases no enemy, but only the usual sullen civilians, significant numbers of soldiers snap, going wild with torturing, raping, and killing on a scale that even the most inspired anti-war activist could not have dreamed. But there is also a parallel version equally proximate, markedly cynical, and, if possible, even more ghastly. That story would go like this: the newly formed Americal Division is given the mission of eliminating Viet Cong domination in Quang Ngai province, for decades a notorious Communist stronghold.

The Division commander, a major general on the career fast track, understands that he has been given the opportunity to solve a problem that has defied his American predecessors and, for that matter, the French before them. Unfortunately, one of his brigades is making no progress toward the mission because of a civilian infestation problem of VC sympathizers in a crucial cluster of hamlets. He finds a possible solution under his nose in a task force he has previously authorized as an operational command for a favorite younger officer—a protege with an already endearing trait of combining flashy results with dubious methods.

Although fairly inexperienced, elements of the new command have been posting significant body count, albeit with a notable absence of enemy weapons and materiel recovered on the battlefield. The problem with both of these stories is that they are the same story. Given a certain way of waging war, with a certain kind of unit, no matter who was in charge, something like this was bound to happen. The other does just the opposite, investing the butchering mob with the status of hapless pawns, scapegoats, even victims. As will be seen, both versions locked quickly into effect during subsequent investigations and the few legal proceedings that ever took place.

As to the cover up, just about the only response possible for someone with any knowledge of the infantry war in Vietnam is angry incredulity that anyone could have thought it would work. I lived in that world for a year, and I know. For every small unit commander on the ground, the chain of command on a given day really did operate through literal echelons of rank above the battlefield with radios blaring in every direction. The name of the war, particularly in the body count sweepstakes, was micromanagement. We do not know what Koster heard. What does matter is that everyone else from the division near a radio in the immediate vicinity could not not have heard about what was going on, listening on innumerable handsets and headsets or monitoring the speakers filling every command bunker and radio room within miles.

There are a lot of things a person remembers about combat in Vietnam. One of the most unforgettable is the cacophonous rush, no matter really where one was or what one was doing at the time, of nonstop radio traffic. Especially in combat, everybody is trying to talk to everybody else. Everybody carrying an infantry radio on the ground or riding a tank or armored personnel carrier hears it; artillery support people hear it; helicopter pilots and door gunners hear it; tactical operations center headquarters duty officers, NCOs, and enlisted staff hear it; orderly room clerks hear it.

Whatever went into the battalion, brigade, or division log that night, people thus knew their own version. And as to the G. One of the first things pointed out to me when I assumed command of my platoon was the hole in the gunshield from the rocket-propelled grenade that killed a predecessor of mine several lieutenants back in the battle for Saigon during Tet. That was more than a year earlier. They could also tell me what was happening with the same battalion now even though it was detached and operating with the 9th Division down in the Delta. Soldiers know. Soldiers remember. And soldiers talk. They would have known. And so, with a massive new official investigation, this time headed by a lieutenant general and a staff of hundreds, did the history of massacre at My Lai run all the way up the chain of the command one last time and then all the way back down, with 14 officers initially charged.

Absolutely providential for virtually everyone involved, of course, was the death of Barker in June Thereby both Koster and Henderson could claim successfully that others could be blamed for false reporting at the time of the massacre and self-protective coverup in the aftermath. Charges against middle level staff officers likewise could be passed off on the deceased colonel. Though the fish are large their flesh is palatable. Matthias Dunn, a Cornish fishing expert, recently oontributed to the Contemporary Review an article on the " Seven Senses of Fishes" which contained some statements and theories that have been received with quite a degree of 'acredulity.

One belief advanced by the writer was that fishes emit Bounds that are understood by tbeir fellows. Professor Kollicker, of the Naples Aquarium, has, by a series of experiments, confirmed this surprising theory. Enveloped in a diving suit, the Professor was let down to the bottom of the Mediterranean in an iron cage which was lit up by elec- tricity.

A specially constructed phonograph and a power- ful receiver registered undoubted expressions of surprise with which the finny denizens of the deep greeted the appearance of the diver. Upon comparison being made it was noticed that the sounds emitted by one fish differed greatly from those of another, which led the savant to "sum up the results of his experiment in the conviction that the sounds produced by fishes will yet be recognized as a language. The latter savant has a shade the best of it to date, because it has been long believed by sailors that monkeys can talk, but they will not, for man would then make them work. Should the fish language theory prove correct we await with much curiosity communications from the Paper Mill and Russian river colonies of fisheB, giving their versions of stories we have heard related by anglers who frequent thoBe waters.

At the annual meeting of the Chicago Fly Casting Club held on the 12th inst the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, H. Perce; Vice-President, W. Church; 8ecretary-TreaBUrer, G. Murrell; Captain, E. The club has decided to hold an open-to- the-world tournament in Chicago next August. March 4—California Wing Club. Live birds. March 11—Empire Gun Club. Blue rocks.

Alameda Point. March 11—Olympic Gun Club. March 11—San Franciico Gun Club. Ing eside. March Garden City Gun Clnb. San Jose. March 25—San Francisco Gun Club. April 2, 3, 4. Interstate Park Queens, New York. April —California Inanimate Target Association. Annual blue rock Tournament. For Protection of Game. Under the above caption the Record-Union of the 16th inst. If, as is in- timated, this convention is to be called in conformity with the plan scheduled and the Board of Fish and Game Com- missioners are to be the sponsors for the same, the circular should have the endorsement of the Commissioners. The circular is signed "A. Barker, Chairman, C. Hibbard Secretary and dated San Jose, February 12th. This matter has been referred to tbe Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, substantially as set forth below; but, no action has yet been taken bv tbe Board in reference to it The question of date, place of meeting, duration and pur.

Such being the case it seems highly improbable that the work and preparation necessary to bring the con- vention together on March 22d can be performed in time by the Board. We are heartily in favor of game protection in this State and will support a movement to that purpose, for this reason we deem it due to those interested that they be advised as to the present of affaire. The circular above referred to is as follows: ''As you are doubtless aware, the Santa Clara County Fish and Game Protective Association, at a meeting held Novem- ber 3,, decided in taking the initiative in bringing about a convention of those interested in game protection, by ap- pointing a committee of three who were instructed to issue a proper call for a meeting, which was held in San Francisco November 22,, at the Occidental Hotel.

This committee issued invitations to all the Game Protec- tive Clubs of which they knew. The result was that several counties of the State were represented. Barker was elected Chairman, and Dr. Hibbard Secretary- At this meeting it was deemed advisable to invite Governor Gage to issue tbe call for tbe convention, and accordingly a committee of five was appointed to draft a suitable request to send him, and after cousiderable delay Governor Gage replied to tbe effect that he heartily indorsed the object, and will do what he can for the cause, but on account of having refused so man y different organizations the same request be feels he cannot comply with ours, and suggests that the call be made by those interested in game protection, through the State Fish and Game Commission.

The past year has been one of great activity along the lines of game protection by county legislation, renewed energy in law enforcement, etc. Judging by the recent Supreme Court decision of the "Knapp" case from Stanislaus county there is likely to be more or less uncertainty in the future as to just what may be done by county legislation, and believing that the time has come when more stringent game laws are needed, it has been deemed wise to take steps to assemble together represen'ative men from every county in the State to draft suitable game lawB for the present needs of California.

The plan is for the State Fish Commission to request tbe Board of Supervisors of each county to appoint two delegates from each county, said delegates to be recommended by local clubs where they exist , and where there are no clubs it is hoped the local sportsmen will call a meeting and elect two sterling men who know the needs of the State, and will at- tend the convention, and recommend the names to tbeir Boards of Supervisors, who we trust will carry out their wishes. The Fish Commission will also appoint 'twenty-five dele- gates at large from the State, and such delegates will be chosen with reference to getting capable and earnest workers in this cause.

Tbe convention will convene in Sacramento on March 22, , at 10 a. We trust that no stone will be left un- turned to get a representative body of men at this convention that their work may be commended in after years. Tbe blue rock shoot of the Lincoln Gun Club held on Thursday was the first regular trap shoot for the season and brought out a good attendance of shooters. In nearly all the events six squads were at tbe pegs. The average shooting was excellent. Among the winning men were Otto Feudner A J. Webb, Golcher, Edg. Seven shoots are arranged for, a meeting to be held on the second Sunday of each month.

The prizes offered and distribution of moneys are such an to appeal Blrongly to trap shooters. The amateur, novice and expert will find the inducements to face the Empire traps satisfac- tory in many respecta. A circular issued by tbe San Francisco Trap Shooting AsBociation has created more than passing interest among Bportsmen, The grounds will be devoted to both live bird and blue rock shooting. The arrangements made for clubs without grounds of their own are very liberal,this may induce the formation of more than one new club.

The facilities for practice or private party trap shooting were never better than are now offered at the Ingleside grounds. Fred Gilbert, of Spirit Lake, la. Cup, emblematic of the inanimate target world's champion- ship, was challenged on the 3d inst. The challenge was accepted immediately and the match took place at Hot Springs, Ark. Gilbert retains the championship and won the trophy again on a score of to breaks. The shooters each shot at targets; fifty birds, unknown traps, known angle? Fred Gilbert shoots an L. Smith gun, Mr. Ellio t uses a "pump" gun. In this match both con- testants were obliged to Bboot with E. The annual pigeon shooting contest for the amateur cham- pionship of America was held on the grounds of the Carteret Gun Club, near Garden City, L.

The list of entries was not completed offiicially until the end of the first round, on the first day of the contest, but many of the best known amateurs had announced their in- tention of competing in tbe tourney. Among these are George S. McAlpin, LouiB T. Duryea, Captain O. Money, Robert A. Welch, Daniel I. Bradley, W. Edey, W. Hall, T. Hooper and J. Ellison of the Carteret Club, the first-named being the present champion, who won last year's contest with a score of ninety-six kills. Other competitors may be C. Guthrie and W. All shooters will stand at thirty yards rise and wilU. Second—The shooter who misses[sixteen birds by the time the seventy-fifth round is finished and thereby becomes eighth in place or lower, shall drop out without privilege of re-entry.

Third—From the seventy-fifth round up to the finish the. It is rumored that Tom Sharkey will have a string of horses on the Grand Circuit this year. Coney by McKinney is to be sold at the Splan auction sale at Chicago. Stewards of the Great "Western Circuit will meet in Chicago next month to arrange dates and an- nounce early closing stakes. Strathway has two trotters with records bet- ter than Every mare bred to him last year is said to be in foal. Trix is the dam of Mona Wilkes , winner of the three- year-old pacing division of the Breeders' Futurity of Marshall has as fine a collection of young brood mares as there is in California. They are not numerous, but they are bred in producing lines.

Thomas, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has sent a string of eleven trotters and pacers to Denver to be trained by Al Russell. Hogoboom of Woodland, Cal. Hogo- boom thinks his stallion Arthur W. Information comes from Cleveland, O. Murphy of Glen Cove, L. The deal was closed on the 3d inst. Mur- phy's purpose in buying Miss Brock was to breed her to Laconda In the four years that Vance Nuck- ols and "Doc" Tanner have owned the mare she has started in forty-eight races, finishing.. Charles A. Although he has sold the mares, nearly every mail brings him in letters from persons who want to buy, and as Mr. Durfee does not take to letter writing with as much pleasure as he does driving a trotter, he wants the public to know that his supply of McKinney mares is ex- hausted.

In this connection he stated, however, that his neighbor, Mr. Gree- ley's filly is for sale, too, and Durfee says he don't know what people arc thinking of who want a good prospect for the track or the breeding ranks, in al- lowing Mr. Greeley to retain possession of her. Du fee is confident that McKinney will be the great- 1 brood mare sire in the world, as everything out 'laughters that has been trained shows racing I. Very few of the McKinney mares have produce enough to race, yet tltey have produced Irish Tidal Wave Silver Coin , Sally and Eagletta Vi, besides several oth- ers.

State Veterinarian Charles Keane announces that the season for shipping cattle on inspection from points below the quarantine line of the State to points outside will close January 31, Monroe Salisbury is superintending the training of about twenty-five head of horses at Pleasanton track that are owned by James Butler of New York. Salisbury was confined to the house with a severe cold two weeks ago, but we are pleased to state that -he is himself again, and able to be at the track every day. Bert Webster has entered the employ of Chas. This is good news to California owners. The Treka News of January 18th says: Frank Adams, a horse breeder of Siskiyou and Klamath counties, who lives just over the line, was in Yreka Tuesday on business, having shipped head of horses and 30 head of mules from Montague to San Francisco.

He was accompanied by E. Adams reports that the horse market is better for the breeder than it has been for years. He deals only in draft horses and has head on his farm which he is breaking for the market. While the boom is on with the Sidney Dillons it is just as well to remember that Cupid , trotting, still owned in this State, is a full brother to the sire of Lou Dillon. He is owned by Mr. Spreckels and has been kept as a private stallion, yet he has sired four trotters with records below There will be several of his get offered at the sale of horses from Aptos Farm, to be held in this city soon.

A western writer, in commenting on the frequently made statement that carriage and other classes of light harness horses are too high in the country to admit of their being bought for eastern trade at a profit says: "The trouble largely rests with buyers of horses suitable for drivers, carriage animals, heavy harness horses and high actors. Prices offered in the country are generally lower than the same grade of horses are selling right at home to neighbors and local dealers.

Horses are much higher throughout the agricultural portions of the west than at central markets, and local consumption has made a market right at home for a majority of the horses bred in the Missouri valley. Arner weighs very close to pounds and is one of the best bodied stallions in California, while his legs and feet are about perfec- tion. He is siring speed, too, as all his colts that are old enough to break are moving out like race horses. Simpson has been importuned to stand Arner at several points in California, but will take him back to Chico on the first of February. Arner served over forty mares there last year and all but three are in foal.

We hope Californians will visit them in large numbers. We are pleased to state that while the plans and other particulars are not ready for publication, ar- rangements are under way for the erection in this city of a large pavilion or Tattersall, where horse shows and sales can be conducted as they should be. Fred H. The first sale to be held in this pro- Those who know of the horses bred by Mr. Larrabee at his celebrated Brook Nook Stock Ranch, in Montana, are aware of the fact that his mares and stallions carry the Morgan blood in their veins, combined with the best Hambletonian strains, and that he raises very handsome and stylish horses that are endowed with speed.

In this issue of the Breeder and Sportsman Mr. Larrabee advertises three fine animals for sale that are now located at Pasadena. Particulars as to their breeding, etc. Owing to its perfect drainage it bids fair to be a very popular track for winter training. Both Dan Patch and Cresceus are to have an op- portunity next fall of making new world's records at Lexington, Ky. Savage, owner of this sensa- tional pair, has written a letter to Secretary H.

Wilson, of the Kentucky Trotting Horse Breeders' As- sociation, saying that he expected to give both Cres- ceus and Dan Patch the best of training this season and try to lower their present records. He said he believed the feat could be accomplished over the Lex- ington track, and Secretary Wilson has promised to have the track put in the best of condition, with this end in view.

There are many horsemen here who believe that Cresceus will be able to reduce his pres- ent mark considerably. They affirm that it requires great expense in preparing these horses for market. The fact is, that it does not cost one-tenth as much to prepare a horse for market, as it does to educate one for the track. If eastern dealers are to continue buying western bred horses, they must jar loose from their old ideas and leave more of their money in the country. The date of the sale cannot be definitely fixed as yet, but will be very close to the first of March.

Iverson of Salinas, spent a couple of days in the city this week. He reports fine prospects for the Salinas Valley, the recent rains putting a fine as- pect on the entire country. Iverson does not intend to race North Star this year, but will have him out in if he still owns him. Whitehead thinks she will beat this year. Iverson's trotter Prince Gift has been running out for some time and will probably be taken up and raced again, as his owner believes he can lower his record when he is in condition. Whitehead has eight of Mr. Iverson's horses in training, besides quite a number of his own. Salinas will give a good fair and race meeting this fall. The Breeders' meeting will probably be held in San Jose this year.

Frank S. Holt of Indianapolis, says he predicts that three of them will soon be in the list under Millard Sanders' instruction. The three he marks for this early distinction are Carlocita, that he thinks will pace in ; Carrie Dillon that will shade , and Kate Dillon, that should take a mark of or He expects Sanders to mark all these fillies this year. Holt evidently thinks mighty well of Carlocita, as he has stated that he intends changing her name to Mary Dillon, the Mary in honor of his wife. Santa Rosa horsemen will organize and give a meet- ing this year. Dates and purses will be announced soon, it is said. Philip C. He expects to be located there by February 1st.

He is a fine in- dividual, stands over 16 hands high and weighs about pounds. In color he is a dark bay. With very little training he has shown that he inherits the speed that he is entitled to by his breeding. He is a horse of good disposition, a'nd his presence in Sacramento will be a chance for owners of good brood mares to patronize one of the best young McKinneys in the state. Byrne has made a good selection in secur- ing this young stallion. It is his intention to enter him in this season's races and as he is perfectly sound and shows great speed he expects to give him a low mark. The well bred sons of McKinney will be in big demand this year and those who wish to breed mares to Ex- pressive Mac will do well to make arrangements with Mr.

Byrne without delay. Address Philip C. Centre bottom New Zealand Coat of Arms Subjects : Bee culture ; Bees. Publisher : [Hamilton, Ill. Rauchfuss, H. Ruffy, Mr. Kxaniining Freshly Introduced Queen— Sages in the Foreground— Secor, Eugene— Sections in Four Stages, G. Grenier—, , Spuhler, H. Strittmatter's House Apiaries—, Sumac, California— Sweet Clover, Fed on—, Sweet Clover, Just Before Bloom— Sweet Clover on Syverrud Farm— Trout Lake in Colorado— Visconti Monument— Visconti di Saliceto— Visconti Honey Label— Visconti Villa, Views of—, , , Wanda, Miss Kni— Wathelet, A. Where tliey have Foulbrood— White Sage— Wild Alfalfa— Wildflower Garden of F.

Pcllett—21 Wilder Method of Cleaning Cappings— Wilder Packing House at Ft. White, Fla. Winter Case around Single Colony— Zug, Switzerland—, Alderman, S. S — Andrews, L. Balzer, T. Barone, D. Bechlv, F. Bell Bros— Bercaw, Geo. Biaggi, A. Blackstone, E — Blocher, T. Bonney, A. Boyum, Geo. Budlong, Wm. E, — Burkholder, Mrs. Ever, J. Caillas, A. Carter, J. I artnn. Chantrv, Thos. Chun, K. Clausen, Tas. Corbin, C— Cordrey, CIvde— Crane, T. Crepieux-Jamin, T. Davton , C W. Del V lllc. Rodulfo— Dicmcr , I. Drane, W. Duby, H. Engle, C.

France, N. Foster, Wesley — 12, 49, 60, 85, 86; , ', , , , , , , Gates, B. Gaklen, J. George, F. Goss, F. Gould, Addison—lOS. Greene, Jno. Greening, C. Greiner, F. Greiner, G. Hall, F. Harrington, H. Harris, L. Hastings, B. Hechler, H. Hendricks, Tohn -- Hirshberg, L. Hofman, E. Holmberg, J, Alf. Hnllcrmann, R. Hopper, C. Howard, C. Jones, G, F. Judge, G. Kildow, A. Knenpelhout, C. Knoll, E. Latham, Allen— Lathrop, H,—13, Lenoel, A. Lester, G. Lewis, T. Long, Irving — , Loveli, Jno. Luebcck, F. Grant— Macey, Louis— C—, McDonald, D. McDonald, D. McTndoo, N. McKinnoii, J. Marek, E. Mauk, Frederick — Mays, Mrs.

Millard, F. Millei, A. Miller, C. C—2S, 27, 28, 61, 62, 63, 64, 98, 99, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Milfer, N. Miles, E. Mills, Emma S. Moore, G. Nance, G. Niles, A. Null, W. Ohlinger, C. Palmer, C. Patton, J. Pearce, T. Pellett, F. C—21, 24, , , , , Pettit, Morley— Pleasants, J. Powers, Austin— Quinn, C. Ramage, J. Reeves, Mrs. RehDurg, E. Richardson, G. Ross, J. Edgar—, Rouse, T. Sayres, Mrs. Scholl, Louis H,—48, Sherman, A. Shupe, Frank— Shults, R. SibbaUi, H, G. Smith, A. Snow, M. Springer, H. Strittmatter, F. Strong, J. Surface, Prof.

Sverkerson, A. Tackaberry, A. Tharp, W. Thomas, T. Tobey, A. Todd, F. Dundas — 26, , Tornquist, L. Upson, E. Vorwerk, H. Wainwright, C. Waldschmidt, A. Walters, W. Werner, L. White, Dr. White, H. Whitt, Cecil — , Wilder, J. Wilsey, J. Wilson, Emma M. Winking, Ed — Woodruff, Edgar — York. Young, M. Young, S. Zahner, Max— Zwahlen, John— Asa labor-saving de- vice it has no superior. Leading beekeepers the world over use these Escapes and give them their unquali- fied endorsement. Single Escape. Each, ISc; per doz. Double Escape. Each, 20c; per doz. For sale everywhere by dealers in Bee- keepers' Supplies.

If you have no dealer, order from fac- tory, with full instructions. Shrw accurately 22 long or elu'rt cartridgei. Write iaiaj. Bee Journal when writing. Send for catalogue and special circulars. Title : The Giles memorial. Genealogical memoirs of the families bearing the names of Giles, Gould, Holmes, Jennison, Leonard, Lindall, Curwen, Marshall, Robinson, Sampson, and Webb; also genealogical sketches of the Pool, Very, Tarr and other families, with a history of Pemaquid, ancient and modern; some account of early settlements in Maine; and some details of Indian warfare. Authors : Vinton, John Adams, Subjects : Giles, Edward, fl. Publisher : Boston, Printed for the author, by H. Contributing Library : Boston Public Library. Digitizing Sponsor : Boston Public Library.

I have also had constantly before my eye, while penning the following sketch, thevolume entitled The Female Review, or Memoirs of an American Young Lady,compiled by Herman Mann, and printed for him at Dedham, in Not much,in fact, not anything, can he said in favor of this volume, considered as a composi-tion ; the style being intolerably flashy, pompous and affected.

There are errors, both infact and sentiment. My friend, Rev. Stillman Pratt of Middleborough, became interested in the story,and had collected some materials towards a memoir of this remarkable woman,when his life was suddenly cut short, Sept. These materials remain iu thehands of his sons, who expect to use them for the purpose he intended. She sympathized strongly with the struggle for liber-ty, and had with deep emotion listened, from a hill near her residence,to the boom of cannon on the day of Bunker Hill. The suit of mascu-line apparel in which she left the house of Dea. Thomas, was spun andwoven by her own hands. The spinning-wheel and loom were thenfound in every farmers family; and all the clothes needed for the attireof the household Avas produced within doors.

Deborah employed atailor to make up the suit, pretending that it was for a young man, arelative of hers, who was about to leave home, for the army. Subjects : Indianapolis, Ind. Publisher : R. Goth Wm, hack driver, r N Delaware. Gottford Gotfred, lab, h w s Excelsior ave5 siof Clifford ave. Gotthardt, see also Goodhart. Gotthardt Henrietta wid Charies , h S Missouri. Gottschall John, foreman, h 80 N Arsenalave. Goudy Charles H, elk W Washington. Goudy Hugh, agt Daily Journal, h Dougherty. Goudy James W, feather renovator SEast, h same. Gouger Daniel, lab, h w s Wallace 2 s ofProspect. Gough, see also Goff. Goul Andrew, carp, h 68 Huron. Gould, see also Gold. Gould Albert M, lab, h 8 Cook. Gould Charles B, elk, b N Alabama. Gould Edwin F, tel opr, h 21 Elm. Gould Wm M, mach, h Bellefontaine.

Goulding, see also Golding. Goulding John A, trav agt, h St Mary. Governors Office 6 State House. Goza Fritz A, baker, b E Pearl. Goza Zeno F, stone cutter, h E Pearl. Graber Frederick, elk Clemens Vonnegut, h 60 Yeiser. Grace Albert H, lab, b 52 Gattling. Grace John, carp, h W 1st. Grady, see also 0 Grady. Grady Alice wid John , h 25 Sinker. Grady Daniel, bartender, h W Mary-land. Grady Gillespie G, showman, h W 2d.

Grady Hugh A, carp, h 50 Laurel. Grady Jeremiah, lab, h 40 Ash. Grady Martin J, lab, b Agnes. Grady Michael, engr, b 25 Sinker. Graebner George L, brewer, h 74 High. Graebner John, saloon, Madison ave, h same. Graeter Elizabeth wid Ernest , h 28 Gregg. Graeter Louis V, elk Met. During the mids, Coney Island attracted a lot of famous people, including P. The west end of the island, where the lighthouse was to be built, attracted quite a different crowd, and was a very rough area known for its drinking, fighting, and gambling. The growing popularity of Coney Island meant increased ferry traffic to deliver people there.

However, when the Lighthouse Board tried to buy the necessary land for the new lighthouse, the property owners asked for twice the estimated value of the land. The front light was an foot high square wooden tower, standing on four concrete footings. That light was dismantled only six years later. The rear light was a square skeleton tower with a steel column containing 87 steps in the center. The tower was slightly over 61 feet, with an eight-sided lantern at the top.

A shed was attached, via a covered walkway, to one side of the building, and a water cistern was built in back. A gravel path led to the shoreline, connecting the dwelling, the lighthouse tower, and the fog bell building. The original beacon, first lit on August 1, by Keeper Thomas Higgenbotham, was a fourth-order Fresnel lens powered by kerosene, showing a flashing red light. That lens was removed when the station was automated in , and is now on display at Coast Guard Headquarters in Washington D.

The beacon casts a beam 71 feet above sea level, and is visible for over fourteen miles. The dredging of the Ambrose Channel changed the course of the currents near Coney Island, and the land in front of the station began to erode. In , a foot stone wall was put up for protection, but a large storm six months later undermined much of the wall. In , the fog bell building fell over into the water. Another skeleton tower for a fog bell was built and surrounded by several tons of riprap.

When the station was built, the area surrounding it was mostly vacant. The last civilian keeper at Coney Island Lighthouse was Frank Schubert, who began his lighthouse career in aboard the buoy tender Tulip. After the war, he served as the keeper of three lights at Governors Island. While stationed there, his wife, Marie, and their three children lived on Staten Island. In , Schubert accepted an assignment to the Coney Island Light as his family would finally be able to live with him at the station to which he was assigned.

When interviewed by New York Times reporter, Mrs. We never used to see Frank. Now he never leaves home. When he could no longer see Hoffman and Swinburne Islands, he would turn the bell on. Schubert had other talents and hobbies to keep him busy, including golfing, bowling, cooking, and woodworking, among others. When the station was automated in , he was allowed to stay on as a caretaker, continuing to climb the 87 steps to the lantern every day to perform required maintenance duties.

During his years of service, Shubert was credited with saving the lives of fifteen sailors and was invited for a visit to the White House by President George H. His lighthouse career had lasted 65 years, including the final 43 years at Coney Island Lighthouse. Craig T. Title : Drug legislation in the United States : Rev. Authors : Kebler, Lyman F. Lyman Frederic , b. Subjects : Drugs Legislation, Drug. Publisher : Washington : G. Contributing Library : Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Smith, Chief. Buffalo, W. Chicago, A. Winton, Chief. Cincinnati, B. Hart, Acting, Denver, A.

Leach, Chief. Detroit, H. Schulz, Acting. Galveston, T. Pappe, Acting. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, R. Duncan, Acting, Kansas City, Mo. Mory, Acting, Nashville. Harrison, Chief. New York, R. Doolittle, Chief, Omaha, S. Ross, Acting. Philadelphia, C. Brinton, Chief, Pittsburg, M. Albrech, Acting. Portland, Oreg. Knisely, Acting, St. Louis, D. Paul, A. Mitchell, Chief, San Francisco, R. Gould, Chief, Savannah, W. Burnet, Acting. Seattle, H. Loomis, Acting, Issued April 8, Authors : American Florists Company. Subjects : Floriculture ; Florists. Publisher : Chicago : American Florist Company. I Index to Advertisers. Advertltlng Bates — Allen J K 17". Canningham Jos H.. IV Gullett S ions W fl NI Hall Ass'n J'. Welch Bros Gould has presented to the Botanical Gardens of Bronx Park, from her green- houses here, over fine specimen plant8,"one palm being over thirty feet in height.

Green [Ambrose H. Green] -- Private A. Green Service No: , 6th Bn. Hill [William Hill] -- Private H. Hill Service No: , 13th Bn. Miller Service No: , 2nd Bn.