Mendoncas Argument Against Aliens

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Mendonca testified, the IJ denied Mr. Mendonca's application on October 27, He determined that Mr. Mendonca was statutorily eligible for adjustment of status but that he was not entitled to the relief as a matter of discretion. Although Mr. Mendonca appeared in good health and employable, [3] he had an arrest record for assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, driving under the influence of alcohol, and disorderly conduct.

Mendonca testified that the criminal charges against him for assault and battery had been dismissed, but did not submit any documentation to support his claim. Mendonca was "extremely evasive" about his criminal history, Tr. Finally, he failed to provide the IJ with federal or state income tax returns for and , the two years for which he claimed he had filed them. The IJ concluded that Mr. Mendonca's marriage to a United States citizen, his relationship with his daughter, also a United States citizen, and his six-year residence in this country were insufficient to outweigh the adverse factors in his application, and he ordered Mr.

Mendonca deported. Mendonca, with the assistance of counsel; appealed the IJ's decision to the BIA, which dismissed his appeal on September 24, The Board rejected Mr. Mendonca's argument that he had been given insufficient time to produce his tax returns or to produce documentary evidence to corroborate his employment history or his claims that certain criminal charges had been dismissed; the Immigration and Naturalization Service "INS" had put Mr. Mendonca on notice of the relevant evidence a year before the hearing on his application. Noting that new evidence could only be considered if it was material and was unavailable or undiscoverable at the time of the hearing before the IJ, the Board declined to review the documentation that Mr.

Mendonca submitted. It acknowledged Mr. Mendonca's family ties and length of residence in the United States but concurred with the IJ that he had failed to meet his burden to establish that he merited discretionary relief. Sharon Mendonca now asks this Court to reconsider the IJ's and the BIA's determinations that her husband is not entitled to an adjustment of status. She does not challenge the IJ's initial finding of deportability. Sharon Mendonca's complaint is not styled as a petition for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.

However, the government concedes that it may have been filed in reliance on or in response to the First Circuit's decision in Goncalves v. Reno, F. Coxe, F. Kerner, U. Fechtel, F. Knight, F. See, e. Reno, 13 F. United States, 68 F. Henderson v. Daneshvar v. Chauvin, F. Parco v. Morris, F. Although the INS does not contest the standing of Mr. Mendonca's wife to press this habeas corpus petition, this Court addresses this threshold jurisdictional question. A possible basis for Mrs. Mendonca's standing to bring this suit is the "next friend" doctrine. Arkansas, U. Texas, U. Rivera, F. Although Mrs. Mendonca clearly meets the "significant relationship" requirement and has her husband's best interests at heart, it is less certain whether Mr.

Mendonca possesses the kind of mental incapacity that would preclude him from representing himself. At hearing before this Court on December 2, , Mr. Mendonca asserted that he suffered a traumatic brain injury in a motor vehicle accident. Social Security Administration records filed with the complaint indicate that Mr. Mendonca has been "severe[ly]" disabled "mental retardation with depression and a personality disorder" under Social Security Act standards since at least January 21, Based on my lay observations, Mr. In contrast, Mrs. Mendonca was articulate in support of her husband. Concluding that the plaintiff has standing in these circumstances, I proceed to the jurisdictional issues under the INA and the amendments to the immigration laws.

Jorge v. Hart, No. Included within this jurisdiction was review of all executive decisions on which the validity of the final orders was contingent, or that were made incident to the orders. Chadha, U. INS, U. Section of the INA did carve out one exception to this exclusive jurisdiction: consistent with 28 U. IIRIRA contains two sets of new rules: the new permanent rules, which generally apply only to cases in which the INS initiated removal [7] proceedings on or after April 1, the effective date of IIRIRA , and the "transitional" rules, which apply to deportation proceedings commenced before that date.

Because the INS instituted proceedings against Mr. IIRIRA's sweeping jurisdiction-stripping language would seem to cover habeas review in the district courts as well. Even so, Mrs. Mendonca does not present the kind of claim that the First Circuit has held is cognizable on habeas review under IIRIRA's new judicial review provisions. The court's holding in Goncalves as to the scope of habeas review was by its own terms "narrow" and based on "the precise nature of the claims [that Mr. The First Circuit expressly declined to decide whether habeas review under the new laws extends beyond constitutional questions and questions of statutory interpretation, in contrast, to purely discretionary decisions of immigration officials in individual cases.

See id. Accardi v. Shaughnessy, U. Cardoza-Fonseca, U. Instead, although the court acknowledged that "habeas jurisdiction In essence, Mrs. Mendonca's claim amounts to an assertion that the IJ erred in the exercise of his discretion in denying her husband's application for adjustment of status. Mendonca's application ]. Unlike Mr. Goncalves, whose application for discretionary relief was never heard by the BIA because of an issue of statutory construction, see Goncalves, F. Mendonca has had his application heard and is now asking me to reconsider the manner in which the IJ and the BIA exercised discretion.

No court thus far has extended Goncalves' holding to encompass claims of this sort. Mendonca suggests that the IJ and BIA did not take the favorable equities in her husband's case into account in making their decisions. Attached to the complaint are the Mendoncas' marriage certificate, their daughter's birth certificate, copies of their tax records for the tax years through , Mr. Mendonca's criminal record, character references pertaining to him, his application for adjustment of status and the Notice of Approval of his Relative Immigrant Visa Petition, and documentation of his eligibility for disability benefits.

However, both decisionmakers clearly did consider Mr. Mendonca's family ties and the approval of his visa petition, the latter of which was necessary to make him eligible for adjustment of status in the first place. The tax records and evidence of the dismissal of certain criminal charges would have been available at the time of the hearing before the IJ and, in accordance with agency rules, should have been submitted then, cf. Mendonca's eligibility for disability benefits, if relevant, was determined well after the IJ made his decision and should have been presented to the BIA through a motion to reopen. In some respects this is a sympathetic case, because the most serious criminal charges involving allegations of violence were eventually dismissed and Mr.

Mendonca lied about his first child, who was present illegally in this country, for fear of jeopardizing his status. Also, as mentioned earlier, Mr. Mendonca has a mental impairment, and his wife and daughter clearly love him very much. On the other hand, the record does support the conclusion that he was evasive about his criminal history, which includes several driving-under charges just before the IJ's hearing on his application. Nonetheless, this complaint boils down to a claim of abuse of discretion in weighing the equities, a claim over which this Court has no jurisdiction.

This court also lacks independent jurisdiction to order Mr. To give meaning to the decisions, the participants were asked to select names that they might give to their children. For rating the paintings, the participants were asked to base their ratings on whether or not they would display such art at home. The results indicated that when the decision is meaningful to the person deciding value, the likely rating is based on their attitudes positive, neutral or negative towards the name and towards the painting in question. The participants also were asked to rate some of the objects twice and believed that, at session's end, they would receive two of the paintings they had positively rated.

The results indicated a great increase in the positive attitude of the participant towards the liked pair of things, whilst also increasing the negative attitude towards the disliked pair of things. The double-ratings of pairs of things, towards which the rating participant had a neutral attitude, showed no changes during the rating period. The existing attitudes of the participant were reinforced during the rating period and the participants suffered cognitive dissonance when confronted by a liked-name paired with a disliked-painting. Meat-eating can involve discrepancies between the behavior of eating meat and various ideals that the person holds.

The extent of cognitive dissonance with regards to meat eating can vary depending on the attitudes and values of the individual involved because these can affect whether or not they see any moral conflict with their values and what they eat. For example, individuals who are more dominance minded and who value having a masculine identity are less likely to experience cognitive dissonance because they are less likely to believe eating meat is morally wrong.

The study Patterns of Cognitive Dissonance-reducing Beliefs Among Smokers: A Longitudinal Analysis from the International Tobacco Control ITC Four Country Survey indicated that smokers use justification beliefs to reduce their cognitive dissonance about smoking tobacco and the negative consequences of smoking it. To reduce cognitive dissonance, the participant smokers adjusted their beliefs to correspond with their actions:. Ent and Mary A. Gerend informed the study participants about a discomforting test for a specific fictitious virus called the "human respiratory virus". The study used a fake virus to prevent participants from having thoughts, opinions, and feeling about the virus that would interfere with the experiment. The study participants were in two groups; one group was told that they were actual candidates for the virus test, and the second group were told they were not candidates for the test.

The researchers reported, "We predicted that [study] participants who thought that they were candidates for the unpleasant test would experience dissonance associated with knowing that the test was both unpleasant and in their best interest—this dissonance was predicted to result in unfavorable attitudes toward the test. Cognitive dissonance may also occur when people seek to explain or justify their beliefs, often without questioning the validity of their claims: After the earthquake of , Bihar, India, irrational rumors based upon fear quickly reached the adjoining communities unaffected by the disaster because those people, although not in physical danger, psychologically justified their anxieties about the earthquake.

In a study conducted among 6th grade students, after being induced to cheat in an academic examination, students judged cheating less harshly. If a contradiction occurs between how a person feels and how a person acts, one's perceptions and emotions align to alleviate stress. The Ben Franklin effect refers to that statesman's observation that the act of performing a favor for a rival leads to increased positive feelings toward that individual. It is also possible that one's emotions be altered to minimize the regret of irrevocable choices. At a hippodrome, bettors had more confidence in their horses after the betting than before. The management of cognitive dissonance readily influences the apparent motivation of a student to pursue education.

Afterwards, the students are trained to objectively perceive new facts and information to resolve the psychological stress of the conflict between reality and the student's value system. The general effectiveness of psychotherapy and psychological intervention is partly explained by the theory of cognitive dissonance. In the study Reducing Fears and Increasing Attentiveness: The Role of Dissonance Reduction , people afflicted with ophidiophobia fear of snakes who invested much effort in activities of little therapeutic value for them experimentally represented as legitimate and relevant showed improved alleviation of the symptoms of their phobia. That the therapy of effort expenditure can predict long-term change in the patient's perceptions.

Cognitive dissonance is used to promote positive social behaviours, such as increased condom use; [54] other studies indicate that cognitive dissonance can be used to encourage people to act pro-socially, such as campaigns against public littering, [55] campaigns against racial prejudice , [56] and compliance with anti-speeding campaigns. Acharya of Stanford, Blackwell and Sen of Harvard state CD increases when an individual commits an act of violence toward someone from a different ethnic or racial group and decreases when the individual does not commit any such act of violence.

Research from Acharya, Blackwell and Sen shows that individuals committing violence against members of another group develop hostile attitudes towards their victims as a way of minimizing CD. Importantly, the hostile attitudes may persist even after the violence itself declines Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen, The application provides a social psychological basis for the constructivist viewpoint that ethnic and racial divisions can be socially or individually constructed, possibly from acts of violence Fearon and Laitin, Their framework speaks to this possibility by showing how violent actions by individuals can affect individual attitudes, either ethnic or racial animosity Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen, Three main conditions exist for provoking cognitive dissonance when buying: i The decision to purchase must be important, such as the sum of money to spend; ii The psychological cost; and iii The purchase is personally relevant to the consumer.

The consumer is free to select from the alternatives and the decision to buy is irreversible. The study Beyond Reference Pricing: Understanding Consumers' Encounters with Unexpected Prices , indicated that when consumers experience an unexpected price encounter, they adopt three methods to reduce cognitive dissonance: i Employ a strategy of continual information; ii Employ a change in attitude; and iii Engage in minimisation. Consumers employ the strategy of continual information by engaging in bias and searching for information that supports prior beliefs.

Consumers might search for information about other retailers and substitute products consistent with their beliefs. Minimisation reduces the importance of the elements of the dissonance; consumers tend to minimise the importance of money, and thus of shopping around, saving, and finding a better deal. Cognitive dissonance theory might suggest that since votes are an expression of preference or beliefs, even the act of voting might cause someone to defend the actions of the candidate for whom they voted, [63] and if the decision was close then the effects of cognitive dissonance should be greater.

This effect was studied over the 6 presidential elections of the United States between and , [64] and it was found that the opinion differential between the candidates changed more before and after the election than the opinion differential of non-voters. In addition, elections where the voter had a favorable attitude toward both candidates, making the choice more difficult, had the opinion differential of the candidates change more dramatically than those who only had a favorable opinion of one candidate. What wasn't studied were the cognitive dissonance effects in cases where the person had unfavorable attitudes toward both candidates.

The U. After the election , which Joe Biden won, supporters of former President Donald Trump attempted to overturn the results , citing voter fraud. This continued even after such claims were dismissed by numerous state and federal judges, election officials, governors, and government agencies as completely baseless. Cognitive dissonance theory of communication was initially advanced by American psychologist Leon Festinger in the s.

Festinger theorized that cognitive dissonance usually arises when a person holds two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. This conflict results in a psychological discomfort. According to Festinger, people experiencing a thought conflict try to reduce the psychological discomfort by attempting to achieve an emotional equilibrium. This equilibrium is achieved in three main ways.

First, the person may downplay the importance of the dissonant thought. Second, the person may attempt to outweigh the dissonant thought with consonant thoughts. Lastly, the person may incorporate the dissonant thought into their current belief system. Dissonance plays an important role in persuasion. To persuade people, you must cause them to experience dissonance, and then offer your proposal as a way to resolve the discomfort. Although there is no guarantee your audience will change their minds, the theory maintains that without dissonance, there can be no persuasion.

Without a feeling of discomfort, people are not motivated to change. It is hypothesized that introducing cognitive dissonance into machine learning [ how? In Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena , the social psychologist Daryl Bem proposed the self-perception theory whereby people do not think much about their attitudes, even when engaged in a conflict with another person. The Theory of Self-perception proposes that people develop attitudes by observing their own behaviour, and concludes that their attitudes caused the behaviour observed by self-perception; especially true when internal cues either are ambiguous or weak.

Therefore, the person is in the same position as an observer who must rely upon external cues to infer their inner state of mind. Self-perception theory proposes that people adopt attitudes without access to their states of mood and cognition. As such, the experimental subjects of the Festinger and Carlsmith study Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance , inferred their mental attitudes from their own behaviour. When the subject-participants were asked: "Did you find the task interesting? Their replies suggested that the participants who were paid twenty dollars had an external incentive to adopt that positive attitude, and likely perceived the twenty dollars as the reason for saying the task was interesting, rather than saying the task actually was interesting.

The theory of self-perception Bem and the theory of cognitive dissonance Festinger make identical predictions, but only the theory of cognitive dissonance predicts the presence of unpleasant arousal , of psychological distress, which were verified in laboratory experiments. In The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: A Current Perspective [76] Aronson, Berkowitz, , Elliot Aronson linked cognitive dissonance to the self-concept : That mental stress arises when the conflicts among cognitions threatens the person's positive self-image. This reinterpretation of the original Festinger and Carlsmith study, using the induced-compliance paradigm, proposed that the dissonance was between the cognitions "I am an honest person.

Fritz Heider proposed a motivational theory of attitudinal change that derives from the idea that humans are driven to establish and maintain psychological balance. The driving force for this balance is known as the consistency motive , which is an urge to maintain one's values and beliefs consistent over time. Heider's conception of psychological balance has been used in theoretical models measuring cognitive dissonance.

According to balance theory, there are three interacting elements: 1 the self P , 2 another person O , and 3 an element X. These are each positioned at one vertex of a triangle and share two relations: [80]. Under balance theory, human beings seek a balanced state of relations among the three positions. This can take the form of three positives or two negatives and one positive:.

People also avoid unbalanced states of relations, such as three negatives or two positives and one negative:. In the study On the Measurement of the Utility of Public Works [81] , Jules Dupuit reported that behaviors and cognitions can be understood from an economic perspective, wherein people engage in the systematic processing of comparing the costs and benefits of a decision. The psychological process of cost-benefit comparisons helps the person to assess and justify the feasibility spending money of an economic decision, and is the basis for determining if the benefit outweighs the cost, and to what extent. Moreover, although the method of cost-benefit analysis functions in economic circumstances, men and women remain psychologically inefficient at comparing the costs against the benefits of their economic decision.

Tory Higgins proposed that people have three selves, to which they compare themselves:. When these self-guides are contradictory psychological distress cognitive dissonance results. People are motivated to reduce self-discrepancy the gap between two self-guides. During the s, Cooper and Fazio argued that dissonance was caused by aversive consequences, rather than inconsistency. According to this interpretation, the belief that lying is wrong and hurtful, not the inconsistency between cognitions, is what makes people feel bad. For example, Harmon-Jones and colleagues showed that people experience dissonance even when the consequences of their statements are beneficial—as when they convince sexually active students to use condoms, when they, themselves are not using condoms.

In the study How Choice Affects and Reflects Preferences: Revisiting the Free-choice Paradigm [85] Chen, Risen, the researchers criticized the free-choice paradigm as invalid, because the rank-choice-rank method is inaccurate for the study of cognitive dissonance. That there are other reasons why an experimental subject might achieve different rankings in the second survey; perhaps the subjects were indifferent between choices. Although the results of some follow-up studies e. Do Choices Affect Preferences? Some Doubts and New Evidence , presented evidence of the unreliability of the rank-choice-rank method, [86] the results of studies such as Neural Correlates of Cognitive Dissonance and Choice-induced Preference Change have not found the Choice-Rank-Choice method to be invalid, and indicate that making a choice can change the preferences of a person.

Festinger's original theory did not seek to explain how dissonance works. Why is inconsistency so aversive? It proposes that inconsistencies in a person's cognition cause mental stress, because psychological inconsistency interferes with the person's functioning in the real world. Among the ways for coping, the person can choose to exercise a behavior that is inconsistent with their current attitude a belief, an ideal, a value system , but later try to alter that belief to be consonant with a current behavior; the cognitive dissonance occurs when the person's cognition does not match the action taken. If the person changes the current attitude, after the dissonance occurs, he or she then is obligated to commit to that course of behavior.

Cognitive dissonance produces a state of negative affect , which motivates the person to reconsider the causative behavior in order to resolve the psychological inconsistency that caused the mental stress. The predictive dissonance model proposes that cognitive dissonance is fundamentally related to the predictive coding or predictive processing model of cognition. Therefore, the brain is an inference machine that attempts to actively predict and explain its sensations. Crucial to this inference is the minimization of prediction error. The predictive dissonance account proposes that the motivation for cognitive dissonance reduction is related to an organism's active drive for reducing prediction error.

Moreover, it proposes that human and perhaps other animal brains have evolved to selectively ignore contradictory information as proposed by dissonance theory to prevent the overfitting of their predictive cognitive models to local and thus non-generalizing conditions. The predictive dissonance account is highly compatible with the action-motivation model since, in practice, prediction error can arise from unsuccessful behavior. Technological advances are allowing psychologists to study the biomechanics of cognitive dissonance.

When in the fMRI scanner, some of the study participants argued that the uncomfortable, mechanical environment of the MRI machine nevertheless was a pleasant experience for them; some participants, from an experimental group, said they enjoyed the mechanical environment of the fMRI scanner more than did the control-group participants paid actors who argued about the uncomfortable experimental environment. The results of the neural scan experiment support the original theory of Cognitive Dissonance proposed by Festinger in ; and also support the psychological conflict theory, whereby the anterior cingulate functions, in counter-attitudinal response, to activate the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insular cortex ; the degree of activation of said regions of the brain is predicted by the degree of change in the psychological attitude of the person.

As an application of the free-choice paradigm, the study How Choice Reveals and Shapes Expected Hedonic Outcome indicates that after making a choice, neural activity in the striatum changes to reflect the person's new evaluation of the choice-object; neural activity increased if the object was chosen, neural activity decreased if the object was rejected. The Neural Basis of Rationalization: Cognitive Dissonance Reduction During Decision-making [34] Jarcho, Berkman, Lieberman, applied the free-choice paradigm to fMRI examination of the brain's decision-making process whilst the study participant actively tried to reduce cognitive dissonance. The results indicated that the active reduction of psychological dissonance increased neural activity in the right- inferior frontal gyrus , in the medial fronto-parietal region, and in the ventral striatum , and that neural activity decreased in the anterior insula.

The results reported in Contributions from Research on Anger and Cognitive Dissonance to Understanding the Motivational Functions of Asymmetrical Frontal Brain Activity [] Harmon-Jones, indicate that the occurrence of cognitive dissonance is associated with neural activity in the left frontal cortex , a brain structure also associated with the emotion of anger ; moreover, functionally, anger motivates neural activity in the left frontal cortex. Conversely, if the person cannot control or cannot change the psychologically stressful situation, he or she is without a motivation to change the circumstance, then there arise other, negative emotions to manage the cognitive dissonance, such as socially inappropriate behavior.

The anterior cingulate cortex activity increases when errors occur and are being monitored as well as having behavioral conflicts with the self-concept as a form of higher-level thinking. University students had to write a paper depending on if they were assigned to a high-choice or low-choice condition. The point of this condition was to see how significant the counterchoice may affect a person's ability to cope. The high-choice condition asked students to write in favor of tuition increase as if it were their completely voluntary choice. The researchers use EEG to analyze students before they wrote the essay, as dissonance is at its highest during this time Beauvois and Joule, High-choice condition participants showed a higher level of the left frontal cortex than the low-choice participants.

Results show that the initial experience of dissonance can be apparent in the anterior cingulate cortex, then the left frontal cortex is activated, which also activates the approach motivational system to reduce anger. The results reported in The Origins of Cognitive Dissonance: Evidence from Children and Monkeys Egan, Santos, Bloom, indicated that there might be evolutionary force behind the reduction of cognitive dissonance in the actions of pre-school-age children and Capuchin monkeys when offered a choice between two like options, decals and candies.

The groups then were offered a new choice, between the choice-object not chosen and a novel choice-object that was as attractive as the first object. The resulting choices of the human and simian subjects concorded with the theory of cognitive dissonance when the children and the monkeys each chose the novel choice-object instead of the choice-object not chosen in the first selection, despite every object having the same value.

The hypothesis of An Action-based Model of Cognitive-dissonance Processes [] Harmon-Jones, Levy, proposed that psychological dissonance occurs consequent to the stimulation of thoughts that interfere with a goal-driven behavior. Researchers mapped the neural activity of the participant when performing tasks that provoked psychological stress when engaged in contradictory behaviors.

A participant read aloud the printed name of a color. To test for the occurrence of cognitive dissonance, the name of the color was printed in a color different than the word read aloud by the participant. As a result, the participants experienced increased neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex when the experimental exercises provoked psychological dissonance. The study Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Emotions and Implications for Psychopathology: Examining Embarrassment, Guilt, Envy, and Schadenfreude [] Jankowski, Takahashi, identified neural correlations to specific social emotions e.

The neural activity for the emotion of Envy the feeling of displeasure at the good fortune of another person was found to draw neural activity from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. That such increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex occurred either when a person's self-concept was threatened or when the person suffered embarrassment social pain caused by salient, upward social-comparison, by social-class snobbery. That social emotions, such as embarrassment, guilt, envy, and Schadenfreude joy at the misfortune of another person are correlated to reduced activity in the insular lobe , and with increased activity in the striate nucleus ; those neural activities are associated with a reduced sense of empathy social responsibility and an increased propensity towards antisocial behavior delinquency.

Artificial neural network models of cognition provide methods for integrating the results of empirical research about cognitive dissonance and attitudes into a single model that explains the formation of psychological attitudes and the mechanisms to change such attitudes. There are some that are skeptical of the idea. Charles G. Lord wrote a paper on whether or not the theory of cognitive dissonance was not tested enough and if it was a mistake to accept it into theory. He claimed that the theorist did not take into account all the factors and came to a conclusion without looking at all the angles.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Stress from contradictory beliefs. Basic types. Applied psychology. Main article: Disconfirmed expectancy. See also: Forced compliance theory. Further information: Effort justification. Main article: Balance theory. Affective forecasting Ambivalence Antiprocess Belief perseverance Buyer's remorse Choice-supportive bias Cognitive bias Cognitive distortion Cognitive inertia Cognitive polyphasia Compartmentalization psychology Cultural dissonance Dissociation psychology Duck test Devaluation Denial Double bind Double consciousness Doublethink Dunning—Kruger effect Effort justification Emotional conflict Gaslighting The Great Disappointment of Illusion Illusory truth effect Information overload Liminality Limit situation Love and hate psychoanalysis Love—hate relationship Memory conformity Metanoia psychology Moral injury Motivated reasoning Mythopoeic thought Narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury Rationalization making excuses Semmelweis reflex Splitting psychology Stockholm syndrome Techniques of neutralization Terror management theory The Emperor's New Clothes Traumatic bonding True-believer syndrome Wishful thinking.

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