Treadmill Advantages And Disadvantages Essay

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Treadmill

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In the next section, we consider some of the consequences of changing representations of the self. Oftentimes, being able to change your own definition is actually part of a practical application. This quote is another illustration that much of what is being discussed today was already thought of and even implemented in the heady days of early VR. If VR can endow someone with a different body, what consequences does this have? We have already mentioned above that ownership over a rubber hand can lead to physiological responses, and there is some evidence that points to the possibility that the experimental real arm can experience very small drops in temperature, and that the same can occur over different parts of the body in a virtual whole body illusion, or that in the virtual arm illusion that there may be a change in temperature sensitivity.

But, are there higher-level changes to attitudes, behaviors, even cognition? Essentially, the personality or type of body or the actions associated with the digital representation would influence the actual real-time behaviors of participant, both in the VR and later outside it. In their paper, they showed that being embodied in an avatar that had a face that was judged as more attractive than their actual one led participants to move closer to someone else displayed in a collaborative virtual environment than those participants whose avatar face was judged less attractive.

Similarly, being embodied in taller avatars led to more aggressive behaviors in a negotiation task than being embodied in shorter avatars. These results also carried over to representations in online communities Yee et al. Groom et al. The embodiment was through an HMD with head tracking, with the body seen in a mirror, and lasted for just over 1 min. This difference did not occur when participants simply imagined being in a White or Black body. Hershfield et al. They embodied people in a virtual body that either had a representation of their own faces, or their faces aged by about 20 years. The virtual body was shown in a virtual mirror. They found some modest evidence in favor of the hypothesis that being confronted with their future selves influenced their behavior toward greater savings for the future.

See also the example concerned with fostering exercise Fox and Bailenson, in Section 3. It has been also been argued that attitudinal and behavioral correlates of transformed body ownership can be explained as people behaving according to how others would expect someone with that type of body to behave Yee and Bailenson, Essentially, this comes down to stereotyping. For example, in the case of the racial bias study of Groom et al.

In an experiment by Kilteni et al. The body moved with visuomotor synchrony, but also there was synchronous visuotactile feedback through a drumming task, so that participants saw their virtual hands hit a virtual hand drum that was coincident in space with a real hand drum. Hence, when they hit the virtual drum they would also feel it. This result occurred, in the view of the stereotype theory, because there is greater expectation that people who look more like Jimi Hendrix would be more bodily expressive.

However, self-perception theory and stereotyping cannot account for attitudinal changes that have been observed in experiments where only the body changes, and there are no particular behavioral demands within the study. These results are better explained within the multisensory perception framework based on the research that has stemmed from the RHI. Peck et al. The body moved synchronously with real body movements of the participants through real-time motion capture and was seen directly by looking toward the self with the head-tracked HMD and in a mirror. A racial IAT was applied some days before the experience and then immediately after. It was found that average implicit racial bias significantly decreased only for those who had the Black embodiment.

During the 12 min of exposure, the participant did not have any task except to move and to look toward themselves and in the mirror while doing so. The only events that occurred were that 12 virtual characters walked by, 6 of them Black and the others White. It is likely that the results are different from Groom et al. Given the contrary earlier result of Groom et al. However, independently it was shown by Maister et al. For a review of this area of research see Maister et al. Recent results demonstrate that the decrease in implicit bias lasts for at least 1 week after the exposure Banakou et al.

Banakou et al. However, if the form of the body represented that of a 4-year-old child then the size overestimation was approximately double that compared to when the form of the body was an adult body but shrunk down to the same size as the child. Moreover, in the child embodiment case, there were changes in implicit attitudes about the self toward being child-like substantially beyond changes induced by the illusion of ownership of the adult-shaped body of the same size.

In other words, only the form of the body child-like compared to adult-like has this effect. The child and racial bias studies relied on an IAT — e. When the concept and attributes must be simultaneously selected e. Such implicit bias is found notwithstanding the explicit attitudes of people, which may not be discriminatory, there being a dissociation between implicit and explicit bias Greenwald and Krieger, Indeed, in the explicit racial attitudes test in Peck et al.

When it comes to discriminatory behavior, the IAT results have better predictive power in social interaction than explicit measures Greenwald et al. Even though the use and interpretation of the IAT may be controversial, there is evidence supporting its explanatory and predictive power Jost et al. With respect to embodiment in a child body, it is known that perception from the perspective of a smaller body results in size overestimations van der Hoort et al. However, this does not explain why the overestimation in the child condition was almost double that of the adult condition.

Since we have all been children it is possible that the brain relies on autobiographical memory thus making the world appear larger, and more rapidly finds associations between the self and child-like categories. However, with respect to the racial bias study Peck et al. How is this possible? Our answer suggests that the body ownership and agency over the virtual body is more than a superficial illusion, and that it goes beyond the perceptual to influence cognitive processing.

It was argued in Banakou et al. The system is responsible for homeostatic regulation of the body, and for dynamically reconstructing the body representation moment to moment based on current multisensory information. It was argued that if, as seems likely, such a system exists, it then operates globally in a hierarchical top-down fashion, so that attribution of the whole body to the self leads to attribution of the body parts to the self. Moreover, it was proposed that it also maintains an overall consistency between the multifaceted aspects of self personality, attitudes, and behaviors and the body representation.

We can view IAT changes as direct evidence of this — changing the body apparently leads to changes in implicit attitudes. We can say that as well as body ownership over a different body leading to changes in implicit attitudes, the documented changes in implicit attitudes are a very strong signal that in fact there has been a change in body ownership. A further study also hints at the likelihood that a change in body ownership can also result in cognitive changes Osimo et al. The use of embodiment and the transformative power that it seems to have is fundamental feature that separates immersive VR from other types of system, and recent scientific results do back up the statement by Jaron Lanier in the quote at the head of this section, said a quarter of a century ago.

Virtual reality is especially suitable for the study of spatial representation and spatial navigation. This at the core of the use of VR: to break down the walls of our room, to transport us to another space, a space that we can explore with or without moving see Section 6. Spatial navigation is useful for a number of areas and purposes: for learning to navigate a certain model space such as a foreign city to be visited, for rehabilitation of spatial abilities after a neurological disorder or brain injury that affected this function, for neuroscience research to understand the basis of spatial cognition, memory, and sensory processing , for city design, or to treat post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD associated with a space, among others.

We may want to move around the city of Paris and to become oriented before we travel to the real city. Or we do not plan to go, and we just want to visit virtual Paris. First of all, how do we move around the city? We can move with a joystick. This allows us to navigate easily from our couch, for example. We can also navigate by walking-in-place Slater et al.

This is an excellent possibility for patients who are completely immobilized since they can feel the freedom of navigating by thought, an experience very positively evaluated by users Friedman et al. Many of the associated studies have been carried out in rodents that were navigating in laboratory mazes. But, how can we study navigation in humans? VR navigation has been found to provide a consistent sensitive method for the study of hippocampal function Gould et al.

The hippocampus is the main brain structure supporting spatial representation, a structure that is larger than average in London taxi drivers, who are famous for learning the map of London in great detail Maguire et al. Virtual cities have been used to determine, for example, that we activate different parts of the brain when we do wayfinding versus route following Hartley et al. Even though the brain processes underlying spatial navigation in rodents used to be studied in real mazes, in recent years VR for rodents has also become a valuable tool in basic research in neuroscience. This technique allows navigation of virtual spaces while the animals walk in place on a rotating ball, such that their head is stable and their brain can be visualized while they do spatial tasks Harvey et al.

Even more recent VR systems for rodents allow 2D navigation including head rotations, resulting in the activation of all the same brain mechanisms that had been identified for freely moving animals, while the animals remain static and walking-in-place Aronov and Tank, This approach allows detailed observation of specific brain cells during navigation. The illusory sensation of spatial presence allows the recreation of all the sensations associated with a particular place by using VR, which is useful in order to treat PTSD associated with a space. This has been widely used with soldiers that had been in Iraq and Afghanistan Rizzo et al. Virtual spaces such as virtual Iraq, and in particular virtual navigation, have also been used for assessment and rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury, a lesion also frequent in soldiers Reger et al.

Assessment tasks and training tasks for rehabilitation often go hand in hand, and thus retraining in topographical orientation, wayfinding, and spatial navigation in VR is often used in cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury, neurological disorders Bertella et al. Furthermore, it has been proposed that sustained experiential demands on spatial ability carried out in VR protect hippocampal integrity against age-related decline Lovden et al. Virtual reality can be used to study the strategies that humans use for spatial navigation, which reveals the underlying geometry of cognitive maps.

These maps could have a Euclidean structure preserving metrics and angles or a topological graph structure. A virtual environment representing a virtual hedge maze allowed identification of the location of certain landmarks. This is a good example of how VR can be used in this domain to achieve things that are impossible in reality. The study of navigation and wayfinding in VR has a long history.

A good starting point for those interested in following this up is the special issue of the journal Presence — Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, edited by Darken et al. There is a difference between techniques for navigating effectively within a virtual environment, and the extent to which learning wayfinding through a space in a virtual environment transfers to real-world knowledge. Darken and Goerger pointed out that while the use of VR seems to produce the best results in terms of acquiring spatial knowledge of a terrain, when it comes to actual performance VR training often does not transfer, and can even make the situation worse.

The authors, based on a number of studies, concluded that using specific VR techniques e. However, those who use the VR to rehearse what they will later do in reality, to make a plan, without relying on detailed cues but rather transferring their experience into more abstract spatial knowledge do a lot better. Ruddle et al. They found that although there were no differences in task performance between the two systems in the sense of measuring the distance traveled, the HMD users stopped more frequently to look around the scene and were able to better estimate straight line paths between waypoints. On the other hand, those using the desktop system seemed to develop a kind of tunnel vision. This difference between the two illustrates that in immersive VR there is generation of the types of kinesthetic and proprioceptive cues, i.

Ruddle and Lessels carried out a further study where they compared navigation task performance in a virtual environment under three different conditions: 1 a desktop interface, 2 an HMD that was tethered, so that although participants could look around, they could not walk, and 3 a wide area tracking system that allowed participants to really walk. They found that in both their reported experiments which differ in rendering style of the environment that those who were able to really walk outperformed the other two groups.

See also Ruddle et al. In fact, it was later found that walking in this case enabled through an omnidirectional treadmill clearly resulted in improved cognitive maps of the space compared to other methods Ruddle et al. In this context, it is worth noting that when comparing presence in a virtual environment through a head-tracked HMD, using 1 point-and-click techniques, 2 walking-in-place where the body moves somewhat like walking but not actually walking, and 3 real walking using wide area tracking, Usoh et al. On some presence measures, real walking was preferred to walking-in-place, and as would be expected, real walking was the most efficient form of navigation.

Participants had two methods for navigation through the apartment, either passively watching or using a joystick to actively explore. It was found that episodic memory was superior in the active condition. In a very famous experiment in , Held and Hein took 10 pairs of neonatal kittens and arranged that 1 navigated an environment by actively moving around it, but the second was carried along passively in a basket by movements of the first. They found that the kittens that were passively moved around, although in principle subject to the same visual stimuli as the active ones, developed significant visual-motor deficits.

This type of finding fits very well with findings in human studies in virtual environments. The conclusion from these studies is that simply putting someone in a VR in order to learn a particular environment can be effective provided that the form of locomotion includes active control by the participant. Concomitant with our views that the most important factor behind PI is the affordance by the system of perception through natural sensorimotor contingencies, the more that the whole body can be involved in the process of locomotion, the better the result in transfer to the real world, and the formation of cognitive maps.

This is an important and vitally important area of research, and above, we have scratched the surface. As VR becomes used on a mass scale, one of its most frequent uses will probably be for virtual travel. If people simply use VR to observe an environment then the form of interface for navigation does not matter much — other than adhering to excellent user interface principles suitable for VR: of greater interest are the sights and sounds encountered. However, if people want to use it for rehearsal, to learn about how to get from A to B, then they had better use a form of body-centered interface, at least equivalent to walking-in-place, but preferably one of the new generation of treadmill interfaces that are currently in development. Immersive VR visualization and interaction with data is relevant for scientific evaluation and also in the fields of training and education.

It also allows an active interaction with the representations, e. We can walk through brains 25 , 26 or molecules, and we can fly through galaxies. Immersion in the data could take place alone or in a shared environment, where we explore and evaluate with others. The data could be static, or we could be immersed in dynamic processes. The data should be viewable in multiscale form. Three-dimensional representation of real or modeled data is important for understanding data and for decision-making following this understanding, a relevant topic for a number of fields, especially at this time of exponentially growing datasets. Even when most of the analysis tools are computer-run algorithms, human vision is highly sensitive to patterns, trends, and anomalies van Dam et al.

There is a substantial difference between looking at 3D data representations on a screen and being immersed in the data, navigating through it, interacting with it with our own body, and exploring it from the outside and the inside. It is logical to expect that when VR commercial systems are pervasive, there will be a trend for currently used 3D data representations on a flat screen to be visualized in immersive media. This, along with the body-tracking systems, will allow a more natural interaction with the data.

It is also important to identify ways to maximally exploit the potential of this data immersion capability. Specific examples of VR for data visualization include molecular visualization and chemical design. In this version, participants were immersed into protein—ligand complexes. The system was evaluated by groups with experience in medical chemistry and drug design, and the study was focused on the improvement of the user-interaction with the molecules based on gestures and not in the evaluation of improved performance of drug design or specific tasks. Out of 14 users, all of them found the system potentially useful for drug design, and they enjoyed using it, while none experienced motion sickness. A more specific task in interaction with molecules was tested by Leinen et al.

In this study, a task of manipulating nanometer-sized molecular compounds on surfaces was tested under usual scanning probe microscopy versus immersive visualization through an Oculus Rift HMD. The hand-controlled manipulation for extracting a molecule from a surface was improved by the visual feedback provided by immersive VR visualization: preestablished 3D trajectories were followed with higher precision, and deviations from them were better controlled than in immersive than in non-immersive systems Leinen et al. Moving from the nanoscale to the microscale, a specific task consisting of the evaluation of the spatial distribution of glycogen granules in astrocytes glial cells, a type of brain cells was evaluated in an immersive environment in a Cave-like system Cali et al.

A set of procedures and software was developed to allow such immersive reconstruction. The distribution of glycogen granules initially appeared to have a random distribution, but they were discovered to be grouped into clusters of various sizes with particular spatial relationships to specific tissue features. The authors found the immersive evaluation of the 3D structure to be pivotal to identify such non-random distribution Cali et al.

The use of an interactive VR room also allowed multiple users to share and discuss the evaluation of the cellular details. In this study there were, however, no comparisons between task performance across different display media. A comparison across three different media — 3D reconstructions rendered on 1 a monoscopic desktop display, 2 a stereoscopic visual display on a computer screen fishtank , and 3 a Cave-like system — was carried out by Prabhat et al. In this study, confocal images of Drosophila data: the egg chamber, the brain, and the gut, were evaluated by subjects who had to describe or quantify specific features mostly related to spatial distribution or colocalization and geometrical relationships. A more immersive environment was preferred qualitatively by subjects, and task performance was also superior.

Immersive VR is of great value for surgery training, an aspect that is developed in Section 2. Visualization of the human body from an immersive perspective can provide medical students an unprecedented understanding of anatomy, being able to explore the organs from micro to macro scales. These projects are generating detailed multiscale and multidimensional information about the brain. Immersive VR will have a role in the visualization of these brain reconstructions or of the simulations built based on the experimental data.

The Blue Brain Project predecessor of the Human Brain Project has already generated a full digital reconstruction of a rat slice of somatosensory cortex with 31, neurons based on real neurons, and 37 million synapses Markram et al. This simulation generates patterns of neuronal activity that reproduce those generated in the brain and is amenable of immersive exploration into the structure and function of the brain. Considering now a larger spatial scale, astronomical visualization in immersive VR has also been explored, both for professional and educational purposes Schaaff et al. These authors represented high-resolution simulations of re-ionization of an Isolated Milky Way-M31 Galaxy Pair, with various different representations.

It is interesting for education that information can be added to the immersive displays. There is an exciting perspective in the scientific and data visualization area that will open new doors to our understanding. It will be important to evaluate the extent to which immersion and interaction with data results in a more thorough, intuitive, and profound understanding of structures and processes. But in any event, once this route is open, visualization of 3D models on a flat screen will feel like watching Star Wars on a small black and white TV see Presentation S1 in Supplementary Material. VR and the detailed human body scans that now exist make this possible of course in virtual reality. McGhee et al. The area of application of VR in education is vast. For recent reviews, see Abulrub et al.

There are several reasons why VR is an excellent tool for education. First, it can change the abstract into the tangible. This could be especially powerful in the teaching of mathematics. For example, Hwang and Hu suggest that the use of a collaborative virtual environment has advantages for students learning geometrical concepts compared to traditional paper and pencil learning. However, it is not completely clear which type of VR system was used, although it appears to be of the desktop variety. Kaufmann et al. They provide anecdotal evidence for the effectiveness of the method. Quantitative analysis of the results found no advantage to any system.

A detailed qualitative analysis, however, suggested that the passive VR condition tended to foster a reflective process among the children, and great enjoyment in interacting with the robot, associated with better understanding. One example of this is surgical training see Section 2. Indeed, a European consensus program for endoscopic surgery VR training has been designed and agreed van Dongen et al.

For an example in engineering learning see Ewert et al. The third advantage is that it can substitute methods that are desirable but practically infeasible even if possible in reality. For example, if a class needs to learn about Niagara Falls 1 week, the Grand Canyon the next, and Stonehenge 35 the week after, it is infeasible for the class to visit all of those places. Yet, virtual visits are entirely possible, and such environments have been under construction Lin et al. It has certainly been suggested that immersive VR will change the nature of field trips, 36 and although there have been plenty of inventive demonstrations 37 , 38 , 39 it seems that as yet there have been no studies of the effectiveness of this, although perhaps it is so obviously advantageous that formal studies may be unnecessary.

The fourth advantage of VR in education involves breaking the bounds of reality as part of exploration. For example, changing how activities such as juggling would be if there was a small change in gravity, or how it would be to ride on a light beam, a universe where the speed of light were different. These ideas were envisaged and implemented for VR by Dede et al. In this article, we have emphasized that the real power of VR is that it enables approaches that go beyond reality in a very fundamental way — more than just exploring strange physics.

An example of this in the field of education was provided by Bailenson et al. In a collaborative virtual environment, it is possible to arrange the virtual classroom so that every student is at the center of attention of the teacher, and where the teacher has feedback about which students are not receiving enough eye gaze contact. Additionally, virtual colearners who could be either model students or distracting students can influence learning, and the results overall showed that these techniques do improve educational outcomes. Overall, for the reasons we have given, and no doubt others, VR is an extremely promising tool for the enhancement of learning, education, and training. We have not mentioned other possibilities such as music or dance, or various dexterous skills, but for these areas VR has clearly great potential.

Within the area of VR for training, surgical training has been a thoroughly investigated field Alaraj et al. The use of simulations in surgical planning, training, and teaching is highly necessary. To give an illustrative example of why VR is necessary for surgery: interventional cardiology has currently no other satisfactory training strategy than learning on patients Gallagher et al. It seems that acquiring such training on a virtual human body would be a better option. In the training of medical students and in particular of surgeons, there is a relevant potential role for VR as a tool to learn anatomy through virtual 3D models.

Even though there are studies trying to evaluate how useful VR can be to improve the learning of anatomy Nicholson et al. Most of the 3D models used so far are for screen displays. Still, even the visualization of non-immersive 3D body models to study anatomy yields good results for learning, and therefore this is an area that should expand in the future, integrating fully immersive systems and different forms of manipulation and interaction of the trainees with the body models.

However, the revolution has not happened yet, although the field is now ready for this possibility. Surgical training in VR requires a combination of haptic devices and visual displays. Haptic devices transmit forces consisting of both the forces exerted by the surgeon and a simulation of the forces and resistances of the various body tissues. A critical question is whether the skills acquired in a virtual training are successfully transferred to the real world of surgery. Seymour et al. These results are likely to improve with a more immersive system. To illustrate the value given to surgical training in VR, an FDA panel voted in August to make VR simulation of carotid stent placement an important component of training.

The most common uses so far of VR for surgical training have been those of laparoscopic procedures Seymour et al. In general terms, a large number of studies — out of which only a few seminal ones are cited here — coincide in finding positive results of VR training. Most of the systems mentioned above concentrate on the local surgical procedure, e. The response of the surgical team to these situations will be critical for the well-being of the patient, and immersive VR should be an optimal frame for such training.

VR can embed the specific surgical procedure, for example, the placement of the carotid stent, into various contexts and under a number of emergency situations. In this way, during training, not only the contents but also the skills and the experience of being in a surgery room for many years can be transmitted to the trainees, which can include not only surgeons but all the sanitary personnel, each in their specialized roles. There is a huge explosion of research in the effectiveness of VR-based training for surgery including meta-analyses and reviews Al-Kadi et al. This is likely to be a field that expands considerably. Here, we broadly address issues relating to physical training and improvement through sports and exercise, an area of growing interest to professional sports.

Of course this is now possible 40 and is certain to be readily available in the near future. For example, a version has been implemented using two powerwall displays plus tracking for each player Li et al. However, the opponent need not be a remote player in a shared VR but may be a virtual character. Immersive VR, at least with hand tracking if not full body tracking, has ideal characteristics for playing table tennis or other competitive sports, with the possible advantage of not having to spend time traveling to the gym. There are several areas where VR can provide useful advantage for sport activities. First, for leisure and entertainment reasons — such as the table tennis example above. Second, for learning, training, and rehearsal.

To the extent that VR supports natural sensorimotor contingencies at high enough precision, it could be used for these purposes. However, here it would be important to carry out rigorous studies to check in case small differences between the VR version and the real version might lead to poor skills transfer, or incorrect learning. For example, learning to spin or slam in table tennis requires very fine motor control depending on vision, proprioception, vestibular feedback, tactile feedback, force feedback, even the movement of air, and the sound of the ball hitting the table and the bat.

Hence, to build a virtual table tennis that is useful for skill acquisition or improvement must take into account all of these factors, or the critical ones if these are known. On the other hand, virtual table tennis could be thought of as a game in its own right and nothing much to do with the real thing. In this case, virtual table tennis would fall under the first category — entertainment and leisure.

Additionally, as we will see in Section 6. Similarly, even without being able to reproduce all the fine detail necessary for the transfer of training skills to reality, VR may be useful in team sports to plan overall strategy and tactics. A third utility of VR in sports is for rehabilitation following injury. We will briefly consider some of these areas.

In a comprehensive review of VR for training in ball sports Miles et al. The review points out several inevitable hurdles that must be overcome. For example, in training for field games such as American Football or soccer, the area of play is huge compared to the effective space in which someone in a VR system can typically move. A play on a field may involve running 25 m, whereas the effective area of tracking is say 2 m around a spot where the participant in VR must stand.

Clearly, using a Wand to navigate or even a treadmill may miss critical aspects of the play see also Section 2. The paper reports many such pitfalls that need to be overcome and points out that studies have been inconclusive and therefore, there is the need for more research. Craig reviews how VR might be used to understand perception and action in sport. She argues that VR offers some clear advantages for this and gives a number of examples where it has been successful, as well as pointing out problems. However, she wonders why if it is successful it has not been widely used in training up to now, but where there is reliance on alternatives such as video. She points out that one problem has been cost, though this is likely to be ameliorated in the near term.

A second problem is to effectively and differentially meet the needs of players and coaches, pointing out how VR action replays could be seen from many different viewpoints, including those of the player and of the coach so that different relevant learning would be possible. Another advantage of VR would be to train players to notice deceptive movements in opponents, by directing attention to specific moves or body parts that signal such intentions. However, she points out as mentioned above how it is critical to provide appropriate cues to avoid mislearning. Ruffaldi et al. Rauter et al. This was a Cave-like system enhanced with auditory and haptic capabilities, an earlier version described in von Zitzewitz et al.

Their study, carried out with eight participants, compared skill acquisition between conventional training on water, with training in the simulator. Examining the differences between the two they concluded that both with respect to questionnaire and biomechanical responses that the methods were similar enough for the simulator to be used as a complementary training tool, since there was sufficient and appropriate transfer of training using this method. Wellner et al. The novelty was that they added a virtual audience to test the idea that the presence of an audience would encourage the rowers in a competitive situation.

They did not find a notable outcome in this regard, only the relatively high degree of presence felt by the participants. On similar lines, Wellner et al. In spite of null results, it is important to note how VR affords the possibility to experiment with such factors that would be possible, but logistically very difficult to do in reality. Helpline: Yeah, right. Explaining the problem Diagnosing the causes shtml and find a radio programme about one I'm having with Word. Was it properly before that? Have you hitting 'Escape'? Can you the cursor around?

I'm having difficulty connecting to the Internet. Does your have a power indicator? It keeps crashing. Have you installed any new software? What happens if you press 'Control - Alt - Delete'? Giving instructions Promising help Could you on the back of the monitor? I'll someone call the electricity Now you just to follow the cord to the company. I'll get our technical expert to help you. I you to look back there again. We'll get back to you in a couple of hours. I'd like to go and get them. I'll have a technician call as soon as possible.

Then I you to take it back to the store. You'll have to adjust the settings in the control panel. R ole pla y o With a partner, use the chart to roleplay helping a colleague with the technical problems below. Take turns being Student A and Student B. You can't print your report. Your car won't start. Your mobile phone doesn't work. Your laptop is frozen. The video projector doesn't work. Student A Student B Explain the problem. Diagnose possible causes. Answer Student B's questions. Give instructions. Problem solved? Promise help. Thank Student B. Glossary Come again? M ode l o R ead the four emails below and answer the questions.

D a junior colleague? D a senior colleague? D a custom er? You may remember we met at the office Christmas party, and I believe you mentioned having a similar problem with your laptop. Unfortunately, I have dropped mine and the screen is cracked. I was wondering if you could give me any advice on getting it repaired? I would very much appreciate any help you might be able to give me. Yours sincerely, JamesBlair [8;J 1. The set is a Goodson 42" LEDTV which we bought 18 months ago and therefore is unfortunately no longer under guarantee. Currently we have a picture but no sound.

I would be very grateful if you could give me the address of an authorized repair centre in the Greater Manchester area. Thank you for your help. Yours faithfully, J. Roebotham Miss I [8;J 1. Bad luck about the laptop. Mine was a write-off - had to get a new one! Why don't you try Harrowson's in Oldham? They're usually good. Hope this helps. Cheers, Margaret PS. Of course I remember you. Give me a ring next time you're in town and we'll go for a drink! Don't hesitate to get back to me if you need any more information. Regards, Max Hurst PS. Searchfor Greeting the keywords e m a il risk p o licy to find out. Thanks for your email of 12 September.

Our Manchester repair centre is Manchester BusinessSchool. I am very pleased to learn that the TV set is still under guarantee. Unfortunately, I no longer have the original packaging, so I think it would be I I've attached a leaflet with the details and a map. Could you possibly let me know P. Pleaseaccept my apologies for confusing you the opening hours? Thanks for your email. I wasn't sure If you'd o James, Re next Thursday. It will be lovely to see you. Actually, my husband will be in Indonesia that week, Funnily enough, I will be in town next Thursday so so I need to be at home to look after the cats.

I was perhaps we could have that drink? I would be very wondering if you would mind coming over to our grateful if you could let me know if you are free place? I've attached a map - get back to me if it's around 6. Looking forward to seeing you. James Yours sincerely, P. I would like to express my gratitude for your Margaret help with the computer. I'm getting it fixed tomorrow. Student B: page Student C: page SoftYvare" '. With a partner, discuss what you as a customer can do about these problems. C8J I For your next project, I need you to take a look at our Kirkcaldy contact centre. Our 04 customer satisfaction survey ISdisastrous see charts and report extract attached and this represents a major risk to our corporate image and future sales.

We have serious recruitment problems and a high staff turnover. These two problems are obviously linked. I'd like you to come up with some proposals but without significantly increasing costs, which are another problem. They spend about the same time with an adviser, although If possible we need to reduce this because at the moment we can't take enough calls. Obviously, we can't afford to increase salaries. I'm counting on you to come up with some creative ideas; get back to me as soon as you can. What are employees' rights on mea I and rest breaks in the USA? Are they similar to those in your country? In her opinion, what is the biggest problem for advisers?

What are the effects on the contact centre of the following? S olving proble m s o Work in small groups. You are the consultants that Hamish Hamilton wrote to in Exercise2. Hold a meeting to discussthe agenda below. Solutions Brainstorm solutions to the problems prioritized as a and b above. Recommendations Define recommendations for short- and long-term policy. Exercise3 so that they have the sam e m eaning. T true or F false. Personnel is a function of Human Resources. Please hang and I'll call you back. Could you speak , please? Crossout the one verb that does not collocate III Complete the email using the words in the box. Put them in the correct places. It still hasn't arrived. I 2 be 3 if you 4 ship the order immediately.

Helpline operator: Before I can locate the problem, I first For your reference, I have 5 a copy of the need to escalate exactly where the fault is. Customer: OK, no problem, we can do that. But if it's still not working properly, can you sort out the product, or at I confirmation you sent me. Do not 6 7 I would 9 me if you need any 8 to informatiof1. Helpline operator: Yes, that's possible, but I'm not Best regards authorized to do it.

I would first have to give the problem J Garcia to my supervisor. Useone word to 'I'll into it, it out, and back to you fill each gap. The clues in bracketswill help you. D iscussion D W ith a partner, think of three exam ples of products which are packaged well or badly, and say why. Think about protection, identification, transport, storage, display and security. Why does he think packaging is so important? P a ra phra sing D Reformulate these phrases from the article in your own words. In small groups, discuss how you will package it. W hat are their interface with advantages and disadvantages?

Think about shape, rage colour, photos, logos and text. SURVEYSshow that intense frustration and even injury caused by modern packaging is on the increase, especially amongst seniors. Seventy per cent of over 50s admit to injuring fingers, hands and shoulders as a result of 'wrap rage', a new term used 5 to describe the irritation and loss of self-control experienced when struggling to open wrapping. In recent years manufacturers have been under increasing pressure to keep food items sterile, to provide child-proof packaging for dangerous or toxic household cleaning products, 10 to protect products during transport and to reduce theft from shops. At the same time, they are forced to keep costs to a minimum. As a result, packaging has become ever more resistant to fingers, nails and even teeth.

In their 15 frustration with plastic packs, which defeat a" attempts to open them, even with scissors,consumers use all kinds of tools and knives. At best, the product inside the packaging is at risk; 20 at worst, it is hardly surprising that 60, people a year are injured in Great Britain alone. Some of the most common triggers of wrap rage are processed cheese packages, tightly wrapped CDs,child-proof tops on medicine bottles, and milk and juice cartons. Ring-pull 25 cans are particularly problematic for older fingers and delicate skin. Even fighting to remove price tags from items bought as gifts can raise blood pressure, and unnecessary overpackaging is pure provocation to the ecologically-minded.

However it seems there's light at the end of the tunnel. The bottom line is that if they don't react, they risk losing sales if customers simply stop buying products with packaging that offers too much resistance. IT] Generate new ideas in focus groups and brainstorming meetings. It is 7. With a of g when empty, it can be used to ship plans, posters, blueprints, etc. Describing products o Describethe dimensions of objects in your pockets or your bag. Your partner should try to guess what they are. Use collocations from Exercise 4 to describe what is being discussed.

What are its three main features? Search for the keywords recording vocabulary and make a list of possible techniques. Rank the techniques on your list from the most to the least useful for you personally. Glossary PAGE attention-grabbing 11 Match the expressions in Exercise 7 with their function in the presentation a-d. Use the vocabulary and expressions in the previous exercises to present the specifications and features of an electronic device of your choice. IZwBusiness 2. Re fre sh y o ur 2 Who was the woman who is famous for her research on radioactivity? Relative clauses 4 Who was the. Usethe Articles Internet if you have a connection.

Then challenge another group. Grammar and practice page Noun combinations The main noun comes at the end. Any others describe it. N on-de fining re la tive cla use s o With a partner, take turns making sentencesand adding relative clausesabout famous people, products and organizations. How much information can you add? B : S tevejobs, w ho w as from C alifornia, w as the co-founder of A pple.

A : S tevejobs, w ho w as from C alifornia, w as the co-founder of A pple, w hich is fam ous for high-end electronic products like the iP hone. B : S tevejobs, w ho w as from C alifornia, and w hose parents adopted him at birth, w as the co- founder of A pple, w hich is fam ous for high-end electronic products like the iP hone. Chooseyour top three. Some popular products take a long time to get to the marketplace. It worked just as Babbage had intended. Listen to a product review and write the words you hear which the customer omitted in the notes below. Then listen and compare your versions with the recordings.

Search for the noun information. Is information countable o Hate the phone. Toosmall- can't open flip cover with one hand. No screen on outside to or uncountable? What see caller identity. Reception - horrible. Very long key is its informal form? Anxiously awaiting day can upgrade and get rid of monstrosity. Which prepositions is it used with? What typical collocations and constructions is it Browse several online Had FoYle. Qbout tl-lr'e. S d too. EQSjzyxwvutsrqpon dictionaries and find e. Ver' aielr''''' c. GO;V13 tr'j Vle. As: turn to page Bs: turn to page 12l. The zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcb Business 2.

With a partner, draw up a checklist. Compare the presentation with your checklist. Then listen again to Version 2 and check your answers. I'm here this morning to the Pingman,.. My objective today is The goal of this meeting is Agenda Summary Feel to interrupt me. I'd like to up the presentationand move on to Last,but not , I have given you I'll take any questionsat the end.

Callfor action Close Theseare the why I am askingyou to If you haveany questions,I'll do my bestto answerthem. Then listen and compare your answers. After that, I'll be talking about - 1 How long should a the prototype, and the data we've collected from tests, focus groups and market studies. Finally, I'd good presentation like to present a business plan; this will demonstrate why we expect a return on investment that is be?

Is everybody happy with that agenda? Then practise reading the extract with ways to practise a correct intonation, stress and linking. II In small groups, prepare the introduction and conclusion of a presentation of one of these 6 How should you new products to a group of department store buyers. Hook: What is the most surprising, exciting or unusual aspect of your product? Now watch the video Agenda: How will you organize your presentation and what will happen after the talk?

Summary: What are the highlights of your talk? Call for action: What do you want your audience to do now? Assume the overwhelmingly body of the talk has been presented. The rest of the ping classare the buyers. As a class,vote for the best tracking product presentation. Then discuss the questions below. ABS air-conditioned comfort alloy wheels automatic climate control head-turning good looks power on demand safe braking and cornering 3. W hat about other products? M ode l o Read the product description and list the main benefits of using Open Office. O pe nO ffic e. E asy to use It is available in many languages and works on all common computers. It stores all your data in an international open standard format and can also read and write files from other common office software packages.

It can be downloaded and used completely free of charge for any purpose, A new approach to office productivity software o OpenOffice. You can create dynamic documents, analyze data, design eye-catching presentations, produce dramatic illustrations and open up your databases. However, as you become used to OpenOffice. You can of course continue to use your old Microsoft Office files without any problems - and if you need to exchange files with people still using Microsoft Office, that's no problem either. What's in the suite? You can easily integrate images and charts in documents, create everything from business letters to complete books and web content. CALC - a feature-packed spreadsheet.

Use advanced spreadsheet functions and decision-making tools to perform sophisticated data analysis. Use built-in charting tools to generate impressive 2D and 3D charts. Your presentations will truly stand out with special effects, animation and high-impact drawing tools. DRAW- produce everything from simple diagrams to dynamic 3D illustrations and special effects. Find out more - try it today! Get OpenOffice. Go to www. Alternatively, stand out use a product of your choice. Focus on the benefits to consumers, adding any details you feel are appropriate. SOi1Atio1't B usiness zyxwvutsrqponm 2. How does each of them try recommendations to differentiate itself from its competitors?

Scan reading o Read the documents and answer the questions. Big pizzas, big value! Re: Marketing meeting tomorrow Billie, Mick, I've attached the latest figures and customer-feedback summary, which seem to confirm what we discussed last time. Restaurant sales are holding up but, as expected, our takeout and delivery revenues are down again this month. If we want to defend our market share against Pizza Hut and the other international majors, and attract new franchisees, we desperately need to relaunch our product.

So, here's the agenda for the meeting: 1 a new, more exciting range of pizzas 3 a new or updated logo and color scheme 2 new promotional ideas 4 a new box for takeout and delivery Looking forward to hearing your ideas on all these points tomorrow. What two decisions are made? Which ones does the home. Jack like? W hy not? Big Ja ck's P izza wishe s to stre ngthe n its bra nd a nd im prove its pa cka ging. The zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZ Business 2. With a partner, explain and justify your choices. I haveno idea how my career I havea clear idea of my will develop. I expectto work for one company I expectto work for several all my life. Money,statusand a comfortable Job satisfaction,variety and being lifestyle are my priorities.

In part one, Charlie Schumann, a popular careers coach, talks about two things you zyxwvutsrqpon Search for the keywords p e rs o n a lity p ro file te s t shouldn't do, and two things you have to do. Before you listen, try to predict what those and do at least one things might be. Then listen and check your predictions. Money, variety,fame, autonomy, beauty, recognition, team spirit, job security, helping people. D iscussion D In small groups, discussyour reactions to these statements from the talk. Glossary PAGE S um m a riz ing earth-shattering o Summarize each of the eight remaining tips in one inertia sentence.

In small groups, compare your sentences with other jump in at the deep end people and choose the best summary for each tip. Make a list of all the things in your life that you have really enjoyed. It could be work or play, an event, a period of time in your life, etc. Pick one and start digging 5 into the reasons why. Get beyond what you love doing, and break it down into the underlying characteristics. Think of it as identifying your passion's building blocks. Write them down 10 alone or with friends, in one session or on a small pad of paper you carry with you. Above all, be creative. You never know what crazy idea is going to spark the Big One.

Once you have identified some things you think you might be interested in, identify people who are knowledgeable in those 15 areas and contact them. Explain that you are exploring your options and ask if you can pick their brains. You'll get some fantastic insights if you make this a habit, not to mention making some great contacts along the way. Rememberthere's a shallow end too, 20 so you can still enjoy splashing in the water. Look for baby steps you can take that will bring your passion into your life and keep you moving towards your long-term goal. Make a list. Maybe they're real financial obstacles, or perhaps the need for 25 more training.

Maybe they are internal. What's stopping you? Simple inertia? We all have voices in our heads that are always telling us 'You can't do that', 'You're not good enough', 'What will they think? Identifying and acknowledging those voices is the first step in taking their power away. Friends, family and colleagues can all be a great source of support and inspiration. It can be an informal support network, or a regularly scheduled meeting to exchange ideas and brainstorm solutions to challenges.

Is it getting in the way? Our culture places a lot of emphasis on material accomplishments, status, etc. Unfortunately,that gets in the way of real happiness for a lot of people, who choose to stay on the treadmill in pursuit of that version of success. Perhaps 40 you're not at a point where you can or want to change that definition of success. That's OK; don't. Instead, try identifying one or two less common ways of identifying 'success' - ones that come from the heart - and try to move towards them as well. Our definition of failure, which tends to be all or nothing, also gets in the way. Is it a failure? Or is it an opportunity to learn? If you 'fail' in an effort to move toward your passion, it's not really failure. Think of it as a step in the right direction.

Taking a longer term view can help with this. Creating a plan will force you to think things through and add some comfortable structure to something that can seem very up in the air and undefined. D ACT! Something is always going to be less than optimum. Don't wait! Do something right now that will 55 move you toward your passion. What two things can you do right away that will start the ball rolling?

They don't need to be earth-shattering, they just need to happen. Say, 'I am going to do this. Say it to a friend. Once it's out in the open it will have room to grow. And that's exactly what you want! Part 1 OJ Before graduating, Josef applied for jobs in 20 companies. Part 2 o In his early fifties he took a sabbatical to write a book. D Use appropriate expressions in bold from Exercise2 above to complete these job interview questions. Change the form as necessary. D Now correct these sentencesfrom a biography. The words in bold have been mixed up. Put them back in the right places.

Change the verb form if necessary. D Which two answers in Exercise6 could you give to each of these questions? DO c Are you a good time manager? DO d Are you a good team worker? Take notes on the problem. Michael and Shane. Usethe present simple, present continuous, present perfect simple and temporary present present perfect continuous. Four of your sentencesshould be true, the other four should actions or situations be untrue. Present perfect simple 1 I often I've never w orked in 2 I don't usually The group has to decide whether you are telling the truth or bluffing.

Who is Present perfect continuous the best bluffer? I've been w orking too hard -I'm exhausted! P re se nt pe rfe ct a nd pa st sim ple action in progress up to now D You and your partner work for an international recruitment agency. Your clients are looking for Grammar and practice page 1 a Spanish-speaking science graduate 2 an undergraduate with marketing experience 3 a graduate accountant, to be a future finance director 4 a French-speaking graduate in business 5 an arts undergraduate with experience in the Far East 6 a Portuguese-speaking graduate with experience in sales. You have each interviewed and tested five candidates. Exchange information with your partner and decide together which candidates are most suitable for each request.

Student A: use the information below. In class, hold a vote to find your favourite gram m ar site. T hen compare your ideas with a partner. You're kidding Student A: turn to page Useful expressions: Answering interview questions Asking for clarification or reformulating Playing for time I'm so rry, co u ld yo u e xp a n d o n w h a t yo u m e a n b y Structuring your answer G iving concrete examples I'd like to a n sw e r th a t in tw o w a ys: firstly,