Theme Of Modernism In And Then There Were None

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Louis, Missouri , United States, is among the first skyscrapers in the world. In —which was the year of philosopher Edmund Husserl 's Ideas , physicist Niels Bohr 's quantized atom, Ezra Pound 's founding of imagism , the Armory Show in New York, and in Saint Petersburg the "first futurist opera", Mikhail Matyushin 's Victory over the Sun —another Russian composer, Igor Stravinsky , composed The Rite of Spring , a ballet that depicts human sacrifice , and has a musical score full of dissonance and primitive rhythm.

This caused uproar on its first performance in Paris. At this time though modernism was still "progressive", increasingly it saw traditional forms and traditional social arrangements as hindering progress, and was recasting the artist as a revolutionary, engaged in overthrowing rather than enlightening society. This is often presented as an early example of a writer using the stream-of-consciousness technique , but Robert Humphrey comments that Proust "is concerned only with the reminiscent aspect of consciousness" and that he "was deliberately recapturing the past for the purpose of communicating; hence he did not write a stream-of-consciousness novel.

Stream of consciousness was an important modernist literary innovation, and it has been suggested that Arthur Schnitzler — was the first to make full use of it in his short story "Leutnant Gustl" "None but the Brave" However, with the coming of the Great War of — and the Russian Revolution of , the world was drastically changed and doubt cast on the beliefs and institutions of the past. The failure of the previous status quo seemed self-evident to a generation that had seen millions die fighting over scraps of earth: prior to it had been argued that no one would fight such a war, since the cost was too high. The birth of a machine age which had made major changes in the conditions of daily life in the 19th century now had radically changed the nature of warfare.

The traumatic nature of recent experience altered basic assumptions, and realistic depiction of life in the arts seemed inadequate when faced with the fantastically surreal nature of trench warfare. The view that mankind was making steady moral progress now seemed ridiculous in the face of the senseless slaughter, described in works such as Erich Maria Remarque 's novel All Quiet on the Western Front Therefore, modernism's view of reality, which had been a minority taste before the war, became more generally accepted in the s. In literature and visual art some modernists sought to defy expectations mainly in order to make their art more vivid, or to force the audience to take the trouble to question their own preconceptions. This aspect of modernism has often seemed a reaction to consumer culture , which developed in Europe and North America in the late 19th century.

Whereas most manufacturers try to make products that will be marketable by appealing to preferences and prejudices, high modernists rejected such consumerist attitudes in order to undermine conventional thinking. The art critic Clement Greenberg expounded this theory of modernism in his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch. For Greenberg, modernism thus formed a reaction against the development of such examples of modern consumer culture as commercial popular music , Hollywood , and advertising.

Greenberg associated this with the revolutionary rejection of capitalism. Some modernists saw themselves as part of a revolutionary culture that included political revolution. In Russia after the Revolution there was indeed initially a burgeoning of avant-garde cultural activity, which included Russian Futurism. However others rejected conventional politics as well as artistic conventions, believing that a revolution of political consciousness had greater importance than a change in political structures.

But many modernists saw themselves as apolitical. Others, such as T. Eliot , rejected mass popular culture from a conservative position. Some even argue that modernism in literature and art functioned to sustain an elite culture which excluded the majority of the population. Surrealism , which originated in the early s, came to be regarded by the public as the most extreme form of modernism, or "the avant-garde of Modernism". By , Modernism had won a place in the establishment, including the political and artistic establishment, although by this time Modernism itself had changed.

Modernism continued to evolve during the s. Between and composer Arnold Schoenberg worked on Moses und Aron , one of the first operas to make use of the twelve-tone technique , [77] Pablo Picasso painted in Guernica , his cubist condemnation of fascism , while in James Joyce pushed the boundaries of the modern novel further with Finnegans Wake. Also by Modernism began to influence mainstream culture, so that, for example, The New Yorker magazine began publishing work, influenced by Modernism, by young writers and humorists like Dorothy Parker , [78] Robert Benchley , E.

White , S. Perelman , and James Thurber , amongst others. One of the most visible changes of this period was the adoption of new technologies into daily life of ordinary people in Western Europe and North America. Electricity, the telephone, the radio, the automobile—and the need to work with them, repair them and live with them—created social change. The kind of disruptive moment that only a few knew in the s became a common occurrence. For example, the speed of communication reserved for the stock brokers of became part of family life, at least in middle class North America. Associated with urbanization and changing social mores also came smaller families and changed relationships between parents and their children.

Another strong influence at this time was Marxism. Eliot and Igor Stravinsky —which rejected popular solutions to modern problems , the rise of fascism , the Great Depression , and the march to war helped to radicalise a generation. Bertolt Brecht , W. Significant Modernist literary works continued to be created in the s and s, including further novels by Marcel Proust , Virginia Woolf , Robert Musil , and Dorothy Richardson. The American Modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill 's career began in , but his major works appeared in the s, s and early s.

Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley's Lover was privately published in , while another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of William Faulkner 's The Sound and the Fury in In the s, in addition to further major works by Faulkner, Samuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphy Then in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake appeared. This is written in a largely idiosyncratic language , consisting of a mixture of standard English lexical items and neologistic multilingual puns and portmanteau words, which attempts to recreate the experience of sleep and dreams.

Eliot, E. Cummings , and Wallace Stevens were writing from the s until the s. While Modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra Pound, T. The Modernist movement continued during this period in Soviet Russia. In composer Dimitri Shostakovich 's — opera The Nose was premiered, in which he uses a montage of different styles, including folk music , popular song and atonality. Amongst his influences was Alban Berg 's — opera Wozzeck , which "had made a tremendous impression on Shostakovich when it was staged in Leningrad. Berg's Violin Concerto was first performed in Like Shostakovich, other composers faced difficulties in this period. In Germany Arnold Schoenberg — was forced to flee to the U.

Schoenberg also wrote tonal music in this period with the Suite for Strings in G major and the Chamber Symphony No. But he too left for the US in , because of the rise of fascism in Hungary. The quartet was first performed in January to an audience of prisoners and prison guards. In painting, during the s and the s and the Great Depression , modernism was defined by Surrealism , late Cubism , Bauhaus , De Stijl , Dada , German Expressionism , and Modernist and masterful color painters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard as well as the abstractions of artists like Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky which characterized the European art scene.

In Germany, Max Beckmann , Otto Dix , George Grosz and others politicized their paintings, foreshadowing the coming of World War II, while in America, modernism is seen in the form of American Scene painting and the social realism and regionalism movements that contained both political and social commentary dominated the art world. When his patron Nelson Rockefeller discovered that the mural included a portrait of Vladimir Lenin and other communist imagery, he fired Rivera, and the unfinished work was eventually destroyed by Rockefeller's staff.

Frida Kahlo's works are often characterized by their stark portrayals of pain. Kahlo was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which is apparent in her paintings' bright colors and dramatic symbolism. Christian and Jewish themes are often depicted in her work as well; she combined elements of the classic religious Mexican tradition, which were often bloody and violent.

Frida Kahlo's Symbolist works relate strongly to Surrealism and to the magic realism movement in literature. Political activism was an important piece of David Siqueiros' life, and frequently inspired him to set aside his artistic career. His art was deeply rooted in the Mexican Revolution. The period from the s to the s is known as the Mexican Renaissance, and Siqueiros was active in the attempt to create an art that was at once Mexican and universal.

The young Jackson Pollock attended the workshop and helped build floats for the parade. During the s radical leftist politics characterized many of the artists connected to Surrealism, including Pablo Picasso. The Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Francisco Franco to overthrow the Basque government and the Spanish Republican government. Pablo Picasso painted his mural-sized Guernica to commemorate the horrors of the bombing. Nighthawks is a painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people sitting in a downtown diner late at night. It is not only Hopper's most famous painting, but one of the most recognizable in American art.

The scene was inspired by a diner in Greenwich Village. Hopper began painting it immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After this event there was a large feeling of gloominess over the country, a feeling that is portrayed in the painting. The urban street is empty outside the diner, and inside none of the three patrons is apparently looking or talking to the others but instead is lost in their own thoughts.

This portrayal of modern urban life as empty or lonely is a common theme throughout Hopper's work. American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from Portraying a pitchfork -holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art. Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting; like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley , they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. The situation for artists in Europe during the s deteriorated rapidly as the Nazis' power in Germany and across Eastern Europe increased. Degenerate art was a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany for virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature, and those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions.

These included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art entirely. Degenerate Art was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in The climate became so hostile for artists and art associated with modernism and abstraction that many left for the Americas. In New York City a new generation of young and exciting Modernist painters led by Arshile Gorky , Willem de Kooning , and others were just beginning to come of age.

Arshile Gorky's portrait of someone who might be Willem de Kooning is an example of the evolution of abstract expressionism from the context of figure painting, cubism and surrealism. Along with his friends de Kooning and John D. Graham , Gorky created biomorphically shaped and abstracted figurative compositions that by the s evolved into totally abstract paintings. Gorky's work seems to be a careful analysis of memory, emotion and shape, using line and color to express feeling and nature. The term " late modernism " is also sometimes applied to Modernist works published after Basil Bunting , born in , published his most important Modernist poem Briggflatts in Samuel Beckett , who died in , has been described as a "later Modernist".

The terms " minimalist " and " post-Modernist " have also been applied to his later works. Prynne born are among the writers in the second half of the 20th century who have been described as late modernists. More recently the term "late modernism" has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written after , rather than With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War II, especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb. The postwar period left the capitals of Europe in upheaval with an urgency to economically and physically rebuild and to politically regroup.

In Paris the former center of European culture and the former capital of the art world the climate for art was a disaster. Important collectors, dealers, and Modernist artists, writers, and poets had fled Europe for New York and America. The surrealists and modern artists from every cultural center of Europe had fled the onslaught of the Nazis for safe haven in the United States. Many of those who didn't flee perished. The term " Theatre of the Absurd " is applied to plays, written primarily by Europeans, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down.

Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence. Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his essay "Theatre of the Absurd". He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his essay, The Myth of Sisyphus. During the late s Jackson Pollock 's radical approach to painting revolutionized the potential for all contemporary art that followed him. To some extent Pollock realized that the journey toward making a work of art was as important as the work of art itself.

Like Pablo Picasso 's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture in the early 20th century via Cubism and constructed sculpture , Pollock redefined the way art is made. His move away from easel painting and conventionality was a liberating signal to the artists of his era and to all who came after. Artists realized that Jackson Pollock's process—placing unstretched raw canvas on the floor where it could be attacked from all four sides using artistic and industrial materials; dripping and throwing linear skeins of paint; drawing, staining, and brushing; using imagery and nonimagery—essentially blasted artmaking beyond any prior boundary.

Abstract expressionism generally expanded and developed the definitions and possibilities available to artists for the creation of new works of art. The other abstract expressionists followed Pollock's breakthrough with new breakthroughs of their own. Rereadings into abstract art by art historians such as Linda Nochlin , [] Griselda Pollock [] and Catherine de Zegher [] critically show, however, that pioneering women artists who produced major innovations in modern art had been ignored by official accounts of its history. He was best known for his semi- abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures, usually suggestive of the female body, apart from a phase in the s when he sculpted family groups.

His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces. The last three decades of Moore's life continued in a similar vein, with several major retrospectives taking place around the world, notably a prominent exhibition in the summer of in the grounds of the Forte di Belvedere overlooking Florence. By the end of the s, there were some 40 exhibitions a year featuring his work.

On the campus of the University of Chicago in December , 25 years to the minute after the team of physicists led by Enrico Fermi achieved the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, Moore's Nuclear Energy was unveiled. The "London School" of figurative painters, including Francis Bacon — , Lucian Freud — , Frank Auerbach born , Leon Kossoff born , and Michael Andrews — , have received widespread international recognition. Francis Bacon was an Irish-born British figurative painter known for his bold, graphic and emotionally raw imagery. Bacon began painting during his early 20s but worked only sporadically until his mids.

His breakthrough came with the triptych Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion which sealed his reputation as a uniquely bleak chronicler of the human condition. These were followed by his early s modern variations of the crucifixion in the triptych format. From the mids to early s, Bacon mainly produced strikingly compassionate portraits of friends. Following the suicide of his lover George Dyer in , his art became more personal, inward-looking, and preoccupied with themes and motifs of death. During his lifetime, Bacon was equally reviled and acclaimed. Lucian Freud was a German-born British painter, known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings, who was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time.

In paintings like Girl with a White Dog — , [] Freud put the pictorial language of traditional European painting in the service of an anti-romantic, confrontational style of portraiture that stripped bare the sitter's social facade. Ordinary people—many of them his friends—stared wide-eyed from the canvas, vulnerable to the artist's ruthless inspection. In abstract painting during the s and s several new directions like hard-edge painting and other forms of geometric abstraction began to appear in artist studios and in radical avant-garde circles as a reaction against the subjectivism of abstract expressionism.

Clement Greenberg became the voice of post-painterly abstraction when he curated an influential exhibition of new painting that toured important art museums throughout the United States in By the late s however, postminimalism , process art and Arte Povera [] also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements that encompassed both painting and sculpture, via lyrical abstraction and the postminimalist movement, and in early conceptual art. Janis mounted the exhibition in a 57th Street storefront near his gallery. The show sent shockwaves through the New York School and reverberated worldwide. This movement rejected abstract expressionism and its focus on the hermeneutic and psychological interior in favor of art that depicted and often celebrated material consumer culture, advertising, and the iconography of the mass production age.

The early works of David Hockney and the works of Richard Hamilton and Eduardo Paolozzi who created the groundbreaking I was a Rich Man's Plaything , are considered seminal examples in the movement. Meanwhile, in the downtown scene in New York's East Village 10th Street galleries, artists were formulating an American version of pop art. Later Leo Castelli exhibited the works of other American artists, including those of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein for most of their careers. There is a connection between the radical works of Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray , the rebellious Dadaists with a sense of humor, and pop artists like Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and Roy Lichtenstein, whose paintings reproduce the look of Ben-Day dots , a technique used in commercial reproduction.

Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music , wherein artists intend to expose the essence or identity of a subject through eliminating all nonessential forms, features, or concepts. Minimalism is any design or style wherein the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the maximum effect.

As a specific movement in the arts it is identified with developments in post—World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the s and early s. By the early s minimalism emerged as an abstract movement in art with roots in the geometric abstraction of Kazimir Malevich , [] the Bauhaus and Piet Mondrian that rejected the idea of relational and subjective painting, the complexity of abstract expressionist surfaces, and the emotional zeitgeist and polemics present in the arena of action painting. Minimalism argued that extreme simplicity could capture all of the sublime representation needed in art. Minimalism is variously construed either as a precursor to postmodernism , or as a postmodern movement itself.

In the latter perspective, early minimalism yielded advanced Modernist works, but the movement partially abandoned this direction when some artists like Robert Morris changed direction in favor of the anti-form movement. Hal Foster, in his essay The Crux of Minimalism , [] examines the extent to which Donald Judd and Robert Morris both acknowledge and exceed Greenbergian Modernism in their published definitions of minimalism. The terms have expanded to encompass a movement in music that features such repetition and iteration as those of the compositions of La Monte Young , Terry Riley , Steve Reich , Philip Glass , and John Adams.

Minimalist compositions are sometimes known as systems music. The term 'minimal music' is generally used to describe a style of music that developed in America in the late s and s; and that was initially connected with the composers. In the late s Robert Pincus-Witten [] coined the term " postminimalism " to describe minimalist-derived art which had content and contextual overtones that minimalism rejected. Since then, many artists have embraced minimal or postminimal styles, and the label "Postmodern" has been attached to them.

Related to abstract expressionism was the emergence of combining manufactured items with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting and sculpture. The work of Robert Rauschenberg exemplifies this trend. His "combines" of the s were forerunners of pop art and installation art , and used assemblages of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photographs. Creating new conventions of art-making, they made acceptable in serious contemporary art circles the radical inclusion in their works of unlikely materials.

Another pioneer of collage was Joseph Cornell , whose more intimately scaled works were seen as radical because of both his personal iconography and his use of found objects. In the early 20th century Marcel Duchamp submitted for exhibition a urinal as a sculpture. He referred to his work as " readymades ". Fountain was a urinal signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt", the exhibition of which shocked the art world in This and Duchamp's other works are generally labelled as Dada. Many conceptual works take the position that art is the result of the viewer viewing an object or act as art, not of the intrinsic qualities of the work itself.

In choosing "an ordinary article of life" and creating "a new thought for that object" Duchamp invited onlookers to view Fountain as a sculpture. Marcel Duchamp famously gave up "art" in favor of chess. Avant-garde composer David Tudor created a piece, Reunion , written jointly with Lowell Cross, that features a chess game in which each move triggers a lighting effect or projection. You show firmness with others and with yourself. In the course of an action, you are able to make sustainable, strong and well-structured efforts.

You may be criticized for your lack of adaptability. Your first reaction is to immutably remain your true self. With Mars in the 2nd House, you fight for your interests with fierce energy. One must deserve a capital and work to acquire it. Acquisition is a unique field of experience for developing and highlighting your personal dynamism. To own an object means to make a move towards it and to conquer it. If you are involved in business, your attitudes are marked by the principle of challenge, which is the sign of an aggressive commercial policy. More often than not, the way you manage your assets is risky. If Mars is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Marsian: in your hand-to-hand struggle for life, you demonstrate an acute and active sense of confrontation with the world, with other people, and with your own destiny.

You need to take action and to fight for your projects and your desires. You perceive all situations with deep intensity, and you react to the here and now without bothering to step back in order to ensure that events are under your control. You take up challenges with excessive foolhardiness as a consequence of your impulsiveness. However, better than anyone else, you know how to mobilise your resources in case of crisis. You take action whenever it is necessary to do so, and you are present in a timely manner. With Mars, your attitudes are dictated by the realities of the moment, by your emotions, and by everything which proved to have worked in the past. When this dominant is not well integrated, it may bring about an aggressive or impulsive behaviour.

Therefore, you must learn to control your hyper-sensitivity and your fits of temper. You are also endowed with Marsian qualities: the fighting spirit and the taste for duel without which one may find oneself overwhelmed by events. When this willpower is well channelled, its precious energy enables to cope with all sorts of contingencies. There are a thousand ways to win, and a thousand challenges to take up with the enthusiasm and the dynamism which make life so worthy. A certain idea of life which is wild, passionate, and in tune with events. Impulsive, sensual, and weak character. One uses one's intellectual and financial resources with the sole objective to fulfil one's passions and whims.

So-called friends take advantage of one's carelessness and disappear as soon as money becomes scarce. In few cases, this degree describes a fatality which wreaks havoc in the home, and a possible suicide. Jupiter represents expansion and power, benevolence, large vision and generosity. Its element is Air, it is hot and moist, and it rules Sagittarius and Pisces along with Neptune , is in exaltation with Cancer and is in analogy with the hips and endocrinal system. It represents the governors, magistrates, professors, religious men too; the age of Jupiter goes from 50 to 55 or even 70 years old. Temperament : Sanguine. Characterology : Emotive, Active, Primary type; it is an extrovert Choleric. Actually the humid version of Mars, inclined to action like him.

For more information, see the page dedicated to Jupiter. The planet Jupiter symbolizes expansion, broadness and generosity. Jupiter is associated with the functions of synthesis, enthusiasm and optimism. In your natal chart, his house position is more important than his sign position because, like Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Jupiter in the same sign.

This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Jupiter in Sagittarius is very popular because he rules this sign, and, according to the Tradition, he is most potent and at his best. He endows you with all his natural qualities: enthusiasm, sense of humour, boldness, warmth, optimism, leadership, synthesizing mind, but also, propensity for travels or, symbolically, disposition for higher knowledge and matters such as spirituality, philosophy, politics or religion.

Jupiter is in the 1st House. Your first experience of the world is integration and common language. Your reputation as a sociable person probably comes from your innate need to establish a form of social relationship with each encounter. When you are facing unknown situations, you spontaneously seek to define each person's role, place, and function. As you organise your world, it is important, first and foremost, that you take into account the values, the laws, and the people you discover. If Jupiter is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Jupiterian: because this planet brings about a keen interest in social and professional success, the Tradition considers it to be beneficial.

Indeed, you know how to adjust to events and to jump at the chance when it arises. The members of your entourage gladly entrust you with high responsibilities because they are often impressed by your learning skills and your adaptation abilities as you deal with new structures and new languages. What is the secret of your good star? It is your self-confidence which wins public support. Now, what is the secret of your charm? Definitely, enthusiasm, euphoria, and exaltation. Exaggeration also. When this dominant is well integrated, it is a factor of affluence and optimism, and a certain degree of joviality enables you to easily fit into various spheres. It constitutes your main asset to manage your life.

However, you must at times curb your desire for integration, lest your sense of opportunity turns into extreme opportunism. Here also, the key to success lies in a correct estimate of everyone's chances and possibilities. Although management is one of your forte, and you can adjust your objectives to current realities better than other people, you lack the hindsight which enables you to avoid short-term vagaries and daily fluctuations. If you strive too much to adapt, you run a risk of betraying yourself. This is the other traditional side of the coin with "The Greater Benefic"! Secretive, intuitive, and independent character.

One relies exclusively on one's great intellectual capacities and broad knowledge. The path chosen probably includes hardships and requires sustained efforts, time, and concentration. Success and wealth can be achieved in the iron and steel industry, the research of new alloys, or in archaeology. Saturn represents concentration, effort, perseverance, time, the hard reality, inevitable consequences.

Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Capricorn and Aquarius along with Uranus , is in exaltation in Libra and is in analogy with the bones skeleton and the skin. It represents the grandparents, old people, scientists, knowledgeable men, Saturn corresponds to old age; it goes from 70 years old until death. For more information, see the page dedicated to Saturn. The planet Saturn symbolizes contraction, effort, time, limitation and concentration. Saturn eliminates anything that is not authentic, sooner or later. It is impossible to cheat him as he gives an irresistible desire to form a coherent whole with oneself, in responsible and wise ways.

He is the great purifier. He represents our limitations but also our truth. In your natal chart, the house position where Saturn is posited is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Saturn in the same sign. For this reason, you are less vulnerable but at the same time, you can revel in isolation. In your natal chart, Saturn is in the 3rd House. Learning to communicate is a difficult task for you.

Your mode of assimilation is demanding and selective, which excludes simple relationships and fanciful innovations. Before you can accept a person, an idea, or a formula, you need to sift them through your inflexible will, and to understand them. It is probable that you sort out all pieces of information with a serious mind, but also with caution and scepticism. If Saturn is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Saturnian: you gladly leave to other people the decision to take life as it comes. As far as you are concerned, you prefer to take advantage of your experiences in order to discover, to grow, and to question yourself. Indecisive, fickle, and confused character. One tends to pursue too many goals at the same time, and although not a single target is reached, one keeps on launching new undertakings.

It is indispensable to focus on one sole objective and strive to fulfil it without being distracted by new fields of interest. The members of the entourage should be selected among quiet and pragmatic persons. If the natal chart indicates that the nervous system is weak, there may be a dormant mental disorder. Uranus represents individual freedom, originality, independence, marginality, avant guard inspiration, ultra modernism. Fire is its element, it is dry, and it rules Aquarius, is in exaltation with Scorpio and is in analogy with the brain and the nerves.

Temperament : Nervous to the extreme. Characterology : Emotive, Active, Secondary type; it is a Passionate type. For more information, see the page dedicated to Uranus. The planet Uranus symbolizes originality, independence and cerebral energy bursting suddenly. Uranus triggers the irresistible need for freedom that we have in ourselves. Uranus tends to break the constraints that have become unbearable and gives us the courage and the will to get rid of what has become a burden; when he is well aspected, he also indicates genius.

Many people born in the same period have Uranus in the same sign. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Uranus in Capricorn increases your detachment from emotions and feelings: paradoxically, coldness blended with exceptional results may give a hectic career and propel you to very high-level positions. With Uranus in the 2nd House, you are not afraid of reversals of fortune.

You manage your assets in a very personal way. Therefore, you lay yourself open to violent disruptions and you do not hesitate to endanger your tranquillity whenever a new opportunity arises. One day, out of the blue, you risk everything you own with the determination of those who fear neither the worse, nor You deem that you are entitled to gamble away your possessions, to lose them, or to double your stake. If Uranus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Uranian: personal values are prevailing. Inner certainties fuel an inflexible will and a desire to call attention on yourself as well as to follow your beliefs through. This planet prompts you to behave with determination, to put forward your own truth, and to start your personal revolution.

More than other people, you are willing to keep some degree of autonomy in all circumstances, and you often display an individualistic nature. In order to achieve your ideal of freedom and independence, you may act like a despot as you try to convince and to impose your views, whether smoothly or forcefully. Regardless of the flexibility of your comportment, some situations demand an absolute firmness as well as uncompromising, frank and straightforward attitudes. People may criticise you for your intransigence and say that you are a hardliner. Outsider's opinions don't matter! The most important thing is that you act in all conscience and reach your primary objectives. More than anyone else, you know how to use your willpower and to focus your energy on a precise aim, relentlessly, whatever the consequences might be.

In the chapter of qualities, let's mention a definite sense of responsibility, an innovative mind open to techniques and modern ideas, as well as a natural self-discipline which overcomes many an obstacle. Therefore, people are well-advised not to hound you into a corner. Superficial, daring, and unpredictable character endowed with strong powers of seduction. One can be successful in animal taming and training, or in prestidigitation.

More often than not, wealth is acquired through a nice marriage. Neptune represents escapism, impressionability, daydreaming, delusions, carelessness, deception or intuition, dishonesty or inspiration, telepathy. Water is its element, it is moist, it rules Pisces, is in exaltation in Cancer, though some authors say it is Leo, and is in analogy with the vegetative system. It represents dreamers, mediums, magicians, merchants of illusion, drug addicts. Temperament : rather Lymphatic. For more information, see the page dedicated to Neptune. The planet Neptune symbolizes extreme receptivity, intense emotional sharpness, impressionability and inspiration; it is the planet of mediums, mystics and religious faith.

Many people born in the same period have Neptune in the same sign. Neptune in Capricorn brings a touch of humanity and emotion into your ambition made of cold and calculated vision. Or, on the contrary, it may disrupt your precise and clear vision of your professional future. Neptune is in the 2nd House. It is impossible to keep good fortune under your control. The most you can do is to beseech it to smile on you. All the things you own are there by chance, or else by magic. You sometimes blindly follow your intuitions, searching for an opportunity to make a profit or an acquisition.

In many instances, good luck turns out to be a mirage and a disappointment. And then some day, you find it under quite extraordinary circumstances. If your life is devoted to business, it is most likely that you seldom hesitate to tempt fate, and that you speculate. If Neptune is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Neptunian: your intuition is highly developed.

You are of a contemplative nature, and you are particularly receptive to ambiances, places, and people. You gladly cultivate the art of letting-go, and you allow the natural unfolding of events to construct your world. You follow your inspirations, for better or for worse. At times, you display an extraordinary clairvoyance gift. You seem to be able to read your subconscious like a book, and you track down subtle underlying mechanisms, flaws, or open breaches. This innate intuition might explain the strokes of good luck which the Neptunian is sometimes credited with. However, you may also be the victim of illusions and misleading intuitions. You are an idealist, and you let your deepest aspirations prevail over the realities of the moment.

Then, you set off in quest of some quixotic objective, living like a Don Quixote who relentlessly pursues an impossible dream. You have a great talent for psychology and the mysteries of the human soul. Since you instinctively perceive people's intents and motivations, as you swim in the complexity of human nature, you feel in your element. The subtlety of your perceptiveness is the source of both special affections and irrevocable rejections. What is the danger of such a dominant? If it is not offset by other influences in your natal chart, you may not have an iron will.

Your trump card is your instinct, which may be developed to the extent that it becomes clairvoyance. Ambitious, clever, and irascible character. Success requires continuous learning and training. Similarly to the pianist or the dancer who practices every day, it is necessary to constantly hone one's skills in order to maintain them at the highest possible level. It is at this condition that one can achieve success in a career requiring dexterity, or in education and literature. According to Manilius, a Roman astrologer and poet of the 1st century of the Christian era, this degree endows with great manual and intellectual nimbleness, but it also indicates that triumphs and celebrity are often followed by disfavour.

Pluto represents deep transformations, mutations and eliminations, sexuality and magnetism, power and secrets, destruction with a view to regeneration, the phoenix rising from the ashes. Its element is indefinite; burning like lava in fusion? It represents dictators, sadistic people, violent characters, is instinctive and powerful but also mysterious with hidden strengths. Temperament : rather Bilious. For more information, see the page dedicated to Pluto. The planet Pluto symbolizes deep disruptions and upheavals, domination and sexual instincts, and the inner power we have in ourselves. Pluto destroys in order to reconstruct and he provokes painful crises that are needed in metamorphosis.

It is the hidden and unconscious violence that can explode in us with incredible intensity before being projected in our actions; in itself, the planet is not negative: the might and the intensity of its energy are beyond the conceivable but it can be funnelled. Pluto is the only possibility we have at our disposal to overcome our inner blocks and to eliminate outgrown situations that have become inextricable. Pluto allows to reconstruct and to regenerate parts of our personality or whole stretches of our life, provided that we manage to funnel his wild energy and to step back. It is impossible to tame this energy, given its essence.

However, it is possible to take advantage of it for a precise aim, through a temporary identification of some parts of us with this energy. In such a case, the outcome is our final evolution and even, our transformation. Many people born in the same period have Pluto in the same sign. Pluto in Sagittarius prompts you to discover and to conquer. Your appetite for power may be satisfied abroad. With Pluto in the 12th House, you may be a saint or a devil. The most mysterious planet of the Zodiac is in the house of mysticism, ordeals, and the hereafter. It heralds quite an extraordinary programme, with an exceptional sensitivity. When it is expressed negatively, this configuration brings about an interest in ghoulish topics, and the practice of some sort of paradoxical sexuality.

It may also give a propensity to see ghost enemies. When it is expressed positively, it prompts you to attribute a transcendental value to your actions, your thoughts, and your life. If Pluto is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Plutonian: you sometimes feel like a foreigner who does not belong to the world, to its laws, and its concerns. The rules of life in society are not necessarily yours. You are interested in what is unknown and in the subtle laws of a hidden order. So, you take malicious pleasure in ridiculing the patterns you find too simplistic or too rigid. You also revel in underlining the limits of explanations you deem too common.

There is something unconventional about the way you are, the way you think, and the way you act. What is your specificity made of? Is it an extraordinary partner? A life off the beaten path? Or do you only distance yourself from conventional morals? In any case, you have the feeling, sometimes quite vague, that you come from nowhere, and that you do not belong to any definite group In short, it means that you cannot be simplified in order to conform to existing models.

The gap between you and ordinary mortals is also an element of your strength. Your deep clear-sightedness, firstly, enables you to put things into perspective and to grant them only the attention they deserve. Your other remarkable asset is your capacity to intervene from behind the scenes, to secretly organise events, and to bring about the desirable outcome without seeming to impose or to dictate anything. However, you must still overcome one of the major difficulties of this dominant, which is to get people to accept your difference and to smoothly fit into your environment. Authoritarian, quarrelsome, and stubborn character. The natural aggressiveness must be canalised in an occupation requiring a great deal of energy and stamina such as the military, the Bar, or any sport.

One may be involved in numerous lawsuits. Chiron is almost renowned and used everywhere. Most astrologers consider it as a kind of "mediator" between Saturn and outer planets. Consequently, Chiron is of Saturn's nature and at the same time is influenced by Uranus, the first slow-moving planet. Astrologically, it symbolizes wisdom, patience and the faculty to reduce others' sufferings: it is said to be the "great healer" of the zodiac. Like all the secondary bodies, it must be in close conjunction with planets or angles in order to fully express its action. Ceres , the biggest of the four minor asteroids used besides Chiron, is associated with the mythological goddess of growing plants and harvest and also symbolizes physical constitution, vitality and fertility.

She's also known as Demeter, according to the astrologer Zipporah Dobyns, linked to the symbolism of the mother but in a less emotive and more physical way than the Moon. Ceres is thought to be the ruler of Virgo, in exaltation in Gemini, in exile in Pisces and in fall in Sagittarius. Keywords associated with Ceres could be order, practical sense, worry, precision, modesty, method, sobriety, motherhood, fertility, the Earth: a kind of a more cerebral Moon Pallas is sometimes used in modern Astrology: she represents intelligence, abstract and global thinking talents.

It is usually considered to be a determining element in political strategy. Juno is the asteroid corresponding to the adaptation to the marital partner and to the defence of individual rights; it is thus used in the field of marriage. Vesta is rarely used and brings the ability to efficiently devote oneself to a cause. The North Node True Node here represents the goals that must be achieved during life, in the karmic sense according to some traditions. Its position in house indicates in what field an effort is necessary in order to evolve. The North Node is often called the Dragon's head, it is usually considered beneficial, a bit like Jupiter with the planets.

The Lunar nodes are fictional points and not actual heavenly bodies: they are the intersections of the Moon with the Ecliptic the path made by the Sun in its orbit as seen from the Earth. The axis of the Lunar nodes moves 19 degrees each year, namely a bit more than three minutes each day. The South Node is diametrically opposed to the North Node, therefore it faces it it's not drawn here, it's the same symbol but upside down. It symbolizes what has already been achieved or acquired, in a karmic sense: it's the past from which it's advised to move on in order to progress.

The South Node is rather negative, of a Saturnian nature: the experience through suffering. Righteous, humble, and independent character. One has the capacity to wisely manage private companies or institutions dealing with public interests. High-ranking positions in the ministry of Finance or the Central Bank are very favoured. However, since success often arouses envy one must beware of jealous people and steer clear of political intrigues, especially if in the natal chart, Mars is dominant. As a matter of rule, this degree is a splendid omen for happiness, wealth, and honour. Lilith or the Dark Moon True Lilith here represents the uncrossable threshold, taboos, the individual's provocative and fascinating side, including on a sexual level.

She symbolizes violence and "untameability", the radical and deep-seated refusal to submit. The keywords for Lilith can be sterility, sadism, perversity, castration, sadomasochism, eroticism, orgasm, forbidden fantasies, marginality, cruelty; redemption, illumination, rebelliousness Lilith's opposite point is called Priapus; it is the Lunar perigee, the position where the Moon is closest to the Earth. It symbolizes man's primitive nature, the horror hidden in our deepest self; masochism, extreme sensuality, impulsiveness, irrationality and excess. Physically speaking, the Dark Moon is the focal point unoccupied by the Earth: it is not a concrete body but a mathematical point.

Secretive, subtle, and courageous character. Life starts under the best aegis, but after having reached its heights, the career undergoes numerous ups and downs, and one discovers that the people one has helped, including the family members, behave with ingratitude. One must carefully distinguish between genuine friends and flatterers, if one is to prevent one's life from ending in painful poverty and loneliness. Furthermore, one must never hesitate to fight injustices instead of limiting oneself to cowardly neutrality. The Part of Fortune is an ancient concept, used by Ptolemy and other astrologers before him.

Firstly, it has nothing to do with fortune! In modern astrology, it is actually used to enhance a planet or angle when in close conjunction with it: it thus amplifies the meaning associated to the point affected by its presence. It is calculated in the following way:. For more information, see the page dedicated to the Arabian parts. Honest, stable, and serious character. One is endowed with a precise and mathematical thinking pattern, but one has a theoretical approach of life and does not pay enough attention to emotional factors.

Success can be achieved in careers related to metaphysics, science, or the arts. However, because one often comes across as a cold person, followers may be scared off. There is also a tendency towards passivity and to stick to routine, which prevents to clearly defined the most important goals. Although resilience and patience are remarkable assets, stasis is the cause of bad luck. The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others, and also one's health.

It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too, and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health.

Your psychological nature is extroverted and independent, oriented towards expansion and sociability. You have the soul of a leader, energetic and active. Your charisma and your drive are fully integrated in the collective life. Indeed, as an action-oriented fire sign, you challenge yourself and succeed in accomplishing the task straight away. Sagittarius is hard to follow because his spirit and his independent mind constantly lead him to go further and higher. With this Ascendant, you come across as charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extraverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving. But you may also be irascible, selfish, authoritarian, inconsistent, unfaithful, brutal, unreliable, reckless, tactless or disagreeable.

Creative, hard-working, and devoted character. One is endowed with great intellectual capacities, a vivid imagination, and an excellent memory. Brilliant success and fame can be obtained in sciences, theology, history, or literature. The natal chart indicates whether one is wealthy. The Tenth House still called the Midheaven , is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House. The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older.

It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant. You are not too interested in material subjects. Your destiny is mainly associated to your encounters and of course, to your marriage more particularly. Indeed, your sign is in analogy with the 7th House, which symbolises partnerships of all sorts, and it is in such a framework that your destiny is most likely to experience a major turning point. Independent, assertive, and affectionate character. There is an overwhelming tendency to be over-protective with family members.

Self-righteousness may lead to dangerous situations of violence with danger of severe physical and psychological injuries. This degree indicates a strong taste for the practice of weapons, and the possibility to excel in all martial arts. It also endows with the gift for healing animals, especially horses, and often describes an excellent veterinary specialist. The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others and also one's health.

It is the image of the personality as seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health; the Ascendant is as important as the Sun in a natal chart. The Second House is the sphere of material security, the money we earn, our possessions, also in a symbolic meaning close people etc. It is in analogy with Taurus and Venus. It is a succedent house, quite important. The Third House is the sphere of social and intellectual apprenticeship, studies, relationships with close people and surroundings, short trips, light-hearted and quick contacts, correspondences.

It is in analogy with Gemini and Mercury. It's a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. The Fourth House also called Immum Coeli is the sphere of inner emotions, family, the father, home and roots, but also the home one creates. It's Home Sweet Home, security and cocoon. It is in analogy with Cancer and the Moon. It's an angular and important house. Aggressive, tough, and passionate character well-equipped for facing life struggles. One is able to use physical strength as well as intellectual weapons, according to one's social background. One is mainly interested in life's materialistic aspects and protects efficiently one's rights and assets. One must be careful not to let temptations, whether sex, gambling, or any other passion, prevail over one's major goals.

Indeed, this degree is associated with Hercules, a man who can achieve amazing feats, but who can also fall into the traps of seduction. The Fifth House is the sphere of pleasures and love affairs but not commitment or marriage , creations and entertainments, children, arts and game. It is in analogy with Leo and the Sun. It's a succedent and quite important house. The Sixth House is the sphere of apprenticeship and effort in the work environment, daily life, health on a daily basis and not operations or long-term diseases, relationships with co-workers or subordinates, desire for improvement, analysis and detail. It is in analogy with Virgo and Mercury.

It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones. The Seventh House also called the Descendant in front of the Ascendant is the sphere of partnership, marriage, contracts, relationships with others, the outer world. Meanwhile, the regular admission price has increased over the years. In addition, Nevada lawmakers have modified the state's entertainment and sales tax code to include such nonprofit organizations like Burning Man that sell more than 15, tickets. Even tickets sold under Burning Man's low income program are subject to these taxes. When interviewed by The Guardian about these figures, Harvey replied, "I don't think black folks like to camp as much as white folks We're not going to set racial quotas This has never been, imagined by us, as a utopian society.

While there has been criticism that Burning Man has "jumped the shark", this proposition was criticized by cultural anthropologist Graham St John, who said that Burning Man was never a utopia in the first place. The terms of the Burning Man ticket require that participants wishing to use photo and video-recording equipment share a joint copyright of their images of Black Rock City with Burning Man, and forbid them from using their images for commercial purposes. This has been criticized by many, [ who? A Burning Man spokeswoman replied that the policies are not new, were written by a former head of the EFF, were used when suing to block pornographic videos, and ultimately arose from participant concerns: "We're proud that Black Rock City a private event held on public land is widely acknowledged as a bastion of creative freedom.

EFF seems to think that anyone attending any event somehow has an absolute right to take photographs, and then to do whatever they want with those images without any effective restriction or manner of enforcement. While we believe that such rights do make sense for any of us taking pictures in purely public spaces, this is not true in the private space of Burning Man — if it were it would mean that Burning Man couldn't protect participant privacy or prevent commercialization of imagery. The Burning Man organization has since worked with the EFF and with Creative Commons and other parties, and has revised and clarified the photography policies.

The popularity of Burning Man has encouraged other groups and organizations to hold events similar to Burning Man, some of which serve as an epilogue for participants. In exchange for conforming to these standards, the event is granted permission to officially communicate itself as a Burning Man Regional Event. Also, the regional event organizers are enabled to exchange best practices with each other on a global level via online platforms and in-person conferences, which are partly sponsored by the Burning Man Project.

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