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First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer CheckMate 9LA : an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. J Nucl Med. Identification and characterization of 2 nd generation EZH2 inhibitors with extended residence times and improved biological activity. Inhibition of MDM2 promotes anti-tumor responses in p53 wild-type cancer cells through their interaction with the immune and stromal microenvironment.

An innovative kinome platform to accelerate small-molecule inhibitor discovery and optimization from hits to leads. Best practices for artificial intelligence in life sciences research. End-to-end collaboration to transform biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma CheckMate : a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

Recurrent or progressive pediatric brain tumors: population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analysis of pomalidomide. PLoS Comput Biol. Multiple cereblon genetic changes are associated with acquired resistance to lenalidomide or pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Risk of opportunistic infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis initiating abatacept: cumulative clinical trial data. Continued insights into virus clearance validation across continuous capture chromatography.

Effectiveness and Safety of Apixaban vs. Comparative efficacy and safety of adjuvant nivolumab versus other treatments in adults with resected melanoma: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. A flow cytometric assay for HLA-DR expression on monocytes validated as a biomarker for enrollment in sepsis clinical trials. Enhanced antitumor immunity by a novel small molecule HPK1 inhibitor.

CD40 agonistic monoclonal antibody APXM sotigalimab and chemotherapy, with or without nivolumab, for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1b study. Cost-effectiveness of nivolumab in squamous and non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer in Canada and Sweden: an update with 5-year data. The value of imaging and clinical outcomes in a phase II clinical trial of a lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonist in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Risk and cost of infection-related hospitalizations in medicare beneficiaries with comorbid rheumatoid arthritis treated with abatacept versus other targeted disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.

A comparison of mixture cure fraction models to traditional parametric survival models in estimation of the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab for relapsed small cell lung cancer. Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma and stress: untangling the host immune response from clinical outcomes. T4-mediated rescue of aortic malformations in hypothyroid rats indicates maternal thyroid status can affect great vessel development.

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Profiling and targeting connective tissue remodeling in autoimmunity - A novel paradigm for diagnosing and treating chronic diseases. Biomarkers of response to ibrutinib plus nivolumab in relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, or Richter's transformation. Comparison of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in elderly versus younger patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: Analysis of a multicentre, prospective, non-interventional study. Drug Saf. Epub Dec 8. Long-term safety and efficacy of patisiran for hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy: month results of an open-label extension study. Best practices for the development, analytical validation and clinical implementation of flow cytometric methods for chimeric antigen receptor T cell analyses.

J Clin Transl Hepatol. Epub Oct Therapeutic potential of TLR8 agonist GS selgantolimod in chronic hepatitis B: re-modelling of antiviral and regulatory mediators. Urinary miRNA biomarkers of drug-induced kidney injury and their site specificity within the nephron. Pharmacodynamics-based approach for efficacious human dose projection of BMS, a small molecule transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 inhibitor. Development and characterization of rat duodenal organoids for ADME and toxicology applications. Modulating target engagement of small molecules via drug delivery: approaches and applications in drug discovery and development.

Safety and effectiveness of apixaban compared with warfarin among clinically-relevant subgroups of venous thromboembolism patients in the United States Medicare population. Synthetic thick filaments: A new avenue for better understanding the myosin super-relaxed state in healthy, disease, and mavacamten-treated cardiac systems. Patient experiences with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a conceptual model of symptoms and impacts on quality of life.

Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. Best practices for optimization and validation of flow cytometry-based receptor occupancy assays. Patterns of drug release as a function of drug loading from amorphous solid dispersions: A comparison of five different polymers. SITC cancer immunotherapy resource document: a compass in the land of biomarker discovery. Development of the first reference antibody panel for qualification and validation of cytokine release assay platforms - Report of an international collaborative study.

Cross-company evaluation of the human lymphocyte activation assay. Epub Nov 5. Impact of quercetin on pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: insights from in-vivo studies in wistar rats. Identification of extractables by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: A case study to understand the extraction profile of different disposable syringes. Rapid development of a bromochloropyridine regioisomer purity method enabled by strategic LC screening. Diverse crystal size effects in covalent organic frameworks. Comparison of online and face-to-face valuation of the EQ-5D-5L using composite time trade-off. Author Correction: Blood-brain barrier permeable nano immunoconjugates induce local immune responses for glioma therapy. Metabolomic and quality data for early and late passages of an antibody-producing industrial CHO cell line.

Axl and Mertk receptors cooperate to promote breast cancer progression by combined oncogenic signaling and evasion of host anti-tumor immunity. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in a predominantly Chinese patient population with previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer: 2-year follow-up from a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study CheckMate Annu Rev Physiol. Optimization of a transient antibody expression platform towards high titer and efficiency. Real-world diagnostic testing patterns for assessment of ring sideroblasts and SF3B1 mutations in patients with newly diagnosed lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes.

Effectiveness and safety of nivolumab in patients with head and neck cancer in Japanese real-world clinical practice: a multicenter retrospective clinical study. A review of global health technology assessments of non-VKA oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Claims Data Analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. Outpatient management of patients presenting with venous thromboembolism: Retrospective cohort study at 11 community hospitals.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Bone marrow microenvironments that contribute to patient outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A cohort study of patients in the Total Therapy clinical trials. Comparative effectiveness of nivolumab versus standard of care for third-line patients with small-cell lung cancer. Design, synthesis and SAR study of novel C2-pyrazolopyrimidine amides and amide isosteres as allosteric integrase inhibitors.

Epub Aug Identification of 5H-chromeno[3,4-c]pyridine and 6H-isochromeno[3,4-c]pyridine derivatives as potent and selective dual ROCK inhibitors. Discovery of a phenylpyrazole amide ROCK inhibitor as a tool molecule for in vivo studies. Applications of small molecules in modulating productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins produced using cell cultures. Plasma Tenascin-C: a prognostic biomarker in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. IMI - Oral biopharmaceutics tools project - Evaluation of bottom-up PBPK prediction success part 4: Prediction accuracy and software comparisons with improved data and modelling strategies. Advances of solid-state NMR spectroscopy in material sciences. Metabolic understanding of disulfide reduction during monoclonal antibody production.

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Epub Sep PMID: Eur J Cancer. Nonclinical safety assessment of epigenetic modulatory drugs: Current status and industry perspective. Epub Sep 8. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Synthesis of stable-isotope-labeled N- 3-dimethylaminopropyl -N'-ethylcarbodiimide and N- 3-dimethylaminopropyl -N'-ethylurea. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm. Epub Sep 7. Repolarization studies using human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Validation studies and best practice recommendations.

Best practices for detection, assessment and management of suspected immune-mediated liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors during drug development. J Autoimmun. Epub Aug 5. Incidence and prevalence of venous thromboembolism in Norway Thromb Res. Epub Jul 7. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetyl succinate polymer, a useful carrier in pharmaceutical solid dispersions. Magn Reson Chem. Epub Feb 3. Ther Innov Regul Sci. Epub Apr Mechanistic insights into viral clearance during the chromatography steps in antibody processes by using virus surrogates.

Biotechnol Prog. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended 4-year follow-up of the phase III CheckMate trial. ESMO Open. Prog Urol. Considerations for setting occupational exposure limits for novel pharmaceutical modalities. Transporter activity changes in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: assessment with plasma coproporphyrin I and III. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Misannotated multi-nucleotide variants in public cancer genomics datasets lead to inaccurate mutation calls with significant implications. Economic evaluation of nivolumab combined with ipilimumab in the first-line treatment of advanced melanoma in Japan.

Use of the ZDF rat to model dietary fat induced hypercoagulability is limited by progressive and fatal nephropathy. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. Evaluation of hepatic uptake of OATP1B substrates by short term-cultured plated human hepatocytes: Comparison with isolated suspended hepatocytes. Reply to Ethan B. Ludmir, Zachary R. Drake, Tomasz M. Beer, et al. Eur Urol. In press. Modeling performance of sample collection sites using whole exome sequencing metrics. Nivolumab treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: real-world long-term outcomes within overall and special populations the UNIVOC study.

Ther Adv Med Oncol. Azacitidine is removed effectively by hemodialysis. Realizing the Potential of the Patient Perspective. Impact of virus-antibody interactions on viral clearance in anion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A. Authors' response. Increasing cancer risk over calendar year in people with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. First-line immunotherapy versus targeted therapy in patients with BRAF -mutant advanced melanoma: a real-world analysis.

Bioconjug Chem. Expamers: a new technology to control T cell activation. Azepino-indazoles as calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP receptor antagonists. Identification of undiagnosed atrial fibrillation patients using a machine learning risk prediction algorithm and diagnostic testing PULsE-AI : Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. A phase I, multicenter, dose-escalation study of avadomide in adult Japanese patients with advanced malignancies. Evolving use of real-world evidence in the regulatory process: a focus on immuno-oncology treatment and outcomes. Utilization of anticoagulants and predictors of treatment among hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation in the USA.

Decreased immune response in monkeys administered a human T-effector cell agonist OX40 antibody. Effect of coating excipients on chemical stability of active coated tablets. Serine-Selective Bioconjugation. A Workshop Summary Report. An assessment of the hospital exemption landscape across European Member States: regulatory frameworks, use and impact. Lancet Oncol. Comparative effectiveness study of chemotherapy in follicular lymphoma patients in the rituximab era: a Japanese claims database study. Control of leached beta-glucan levels from depth filters by an improved depth filtration flush strategy.

Cell Syst. Defining the clinical, molecular and imaging spectrum of adaptor protein complex 4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Epub Jul Low-dose radiation treatment enhances systemic antitumor immune responses by overcoming the inhibitory stroma. Evolving impact of long-term survival results on metastatic melanoma treatment. Further improvement in glycemic control after switching from exenatide two times per day to exenatide once-weekly autoinjected suspension in patients with type 2 diabetes: week results from the DURATION-NEO-1 study. Accelerating protein biomarker discovery and translation from proteomics research for clinical utility. Technology outlook for real-time quality attribute and process parameter monitoring in biopharmaceutical development-A review.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to assess metabolic drug-drug interaction risks and inform the drug label for fedratinib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Epub Sep 4. Phenome-wide Mendelian randomization mapping the influence of the plasma proteome on complex diseases. Current status and future opportunities for incorporation of dissolution data in PBPK modeling for pharmaceutical development and regulatory applications: OrBiTo consortium commentary. Infections in patients with multiple sclerosis: A national cohort study in Sweden. Impact of adverse event reports from marketing authorization holder-sponsored patient support programs on the performance of signal detection in pharmacovigilance. Expert Opin Drug Saf. Human ileal organoid model recapitulates clinical incidence of diarrhea associated with small molecule drugs.

Skin sensitization in silico protocol. Quality by design QbD approach to match tablet glossiness. Pharm Dev Technol. Age-dependent cut-offs for pathological deep gray matter and thalamic volume loss using Jacobian integration. A Review. Healthcare utilization and total costs of care among patients with advanced metastatic gastric and esophageal cancer. Impact of polysorbate 80 grade on the interfacial properties and interfacial stress induced subvisible particle formation in monoclonal antibodies. Drug-induced cholestasis assay in primary hepatocytes. Reverse-phase HPLC purification for an extremely unstable glucuronide metabolite. Development of low dose micro-tablets by high shear wet granulation process. Cost and burden of poor anticoagulation control with vitamin K antagonists in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in Spain.

Rev Esp Cardiol Engl Ed. Evaluation of iberdomide and cytochrome p drug-drug interaction potential in vitro and in a phase 1 study in healthy subjects. Hydrophobic property of cation-exchange resins affects monoclonal antibody aggregation. Clin Lung Cancer. Adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab in resected stage IIIB-C and stage IV melanoma CheckMate : 4-year results from a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

Premature permanent discontinuation of apixaban or warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Trends Cancer. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a Clostridioides difficile toxoid vaccine candidate: a phase 3 multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. Health-related quality of life of long-term advanced melanoma survivors treated with anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibition compared to matched controls. Preclinical optimization of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli adjuvanted subunit vaccine using response surface design of experiments.

Real-world treatment patterns and survival outcomes for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the pre-immunotherapy era in Portugal: a retrospective analysis from the I-O Optimise initiative. Pharmacodynamic analysis of apremilast in Japanese patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: Results from a phase 2b randomized trial. Ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed AML: a phase 1 study. Rapid fingerprinting of a highly glycosylated fusion protein by microfluidic chip-based capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Synthesis of functionalized derivatives of the gamma-secretase modulator BMS and identification of its major metabolite. Structure-based amelioration of PXR transactivation in a novel series of macrocyclic allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Standardizing Health Outcomes for Lung Cancer. High-resolution purification of a therapeutic PEGylated protein using a cuboid packed-bed device. Modified Goldilocks Design with strict type I error control in confirmatory clinical trials. Discovery and structure activity relationships of 7-benzyl triazolopyridines as stable, selective, and reversible inhibitors of myeloperoxidase. Bioorg Med Chem. Quantifying drug tissue biodistribution by integrating high content screening with deep-learning analysis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression is restrained by stromal matrix. Enhancement of covalent aggregate quantification of protein therapeutics by non-reducing capillary gel electrophoresis using sodium hexadecyl sulfate CE-SHS. Cross-linking of poly vinyl alcohol films under acidic and thermal stress. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. Evaluating the potential of relapse-free survival as a surrogate for overall survival in the adjuvant therapy of melanoma with checkpoint inhibitors. Avadomide plus obinutuzumab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma CCNHL : a multicentre, dose escalation and expansion phase 1 study. Melanoma brain metastases - Interdisciplinary management recommendations Genome-wide transcriptome analysis identifies novel dysregulated genes implicated in Alzheimer's pathology.

Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Alzheimers Dement. Toward further simplification of elotuzumab therapy by subcutaneous administration. Up to 5-year retention of abatacept in Belgian patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis: a sub-analysis of the international, observational ACTION study. Ozanimod induction therapy for patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease: a single-arm, phase 2, prospective observer-blinded endpoint study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. Hallmarks of NLRP3 inflammasome activation are observed in organotypic hippocampal slice culture. Comparison of infection-related hospitalization risk and costs in tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-experienced patients with rheumatoid arthritis RA treated with abatacept or other targeted disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs tDMARDs.

Enhanced alcoholic liver disease in mice with intestine-specific farnesoid X receptor deficiency. Epub Mar 3. Cyclic tailor-made amino acids in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem. Impact of the column on effluent pH in cation exchange pH gradient chromatography, a practical study. Increasing respondent engagement in composite time trade-off tasks by imposing three minimum trade-offs to improve data quality. High rates of therapeutic changes in patients with psoriatic arthritis receiving treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a cross-sectional study. Outcomes of patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a population-based real-world study.

Fit-for-purpose protein biomarker assay validation strategies using hybrid immunocapture-liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry platform: Quantitative analysis of total soluble cluster of differentiation Carbonyl oxyalkyl linker-based amino acid prodrugs of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor atazanavir that enhance oral bioavailability and plasma trough concentration. Single-step purification of a small non-mAb biologic by peptide-ELP-based affinity precipitation. Nationwide claims database analysis of treatment patterns, costs and survival of Japanese patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. OX40 agonistic antibody reverses immune suppression and improves survival in sepsis.

Model based strategies towards protein A resin lifetime optimization and supervision. Rapid and efficient chiral method development for lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed dose combination using ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography: A design of experiment approach. Non-infectious comorbidity in patients with multiple sclerosis: A national cohort study in Sweden. Kidney Int Rep. Eur J Prev Cardiol.

To use or not to use propensity score matching? Real-time monitoring of quality attributes by in-line Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic sensors at ultrafiltration and diafiltration of bioprocess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. Epub Jul 9. Spliceosome mutations are common in persons with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis with RBC-transfusion-dependence and correlate with response to pomalidomide.

Am J Hosp Palliat Care. Multiple Cereblon genetic changes associate with acquired resistance to Lenalidomide or Pomalidomide in Multiple Myeloma. Ewing sarcoma family of tumors-derived small extracellular vesicle proteomics identify potential clinical biomarkers. MethylResolver-a method for deconvoluting bulk DNA methylation profiles into known and unknown cell contents. Canadian cohort expanded-access program of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma.

Excretion balance and pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose of [ 14 C]-fedratinib in healthy subjects. Epub Aug 3. Qualified method for the estimation of di bis monoacylglycero phosphate in urine, a noninvasive biomarker to monitor drug-induced phospholipidosis. Recent advances in inhibitors of C-terminal SRC kinase. Real-world switch patterns and healthcare costs in biologic-naive psoriasis patients initiating apremilast or biologics. Viral myocarditis involves the generation of autoreactive T cells with multiple antigen specificities that localize in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in the mouse model of CVB3 infection. A multicenter retrospective study of nivolumab monotherapy in previously treated metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients: interim analysis of Japanese real-world data.

Real-world safety and efficacy data of ipilimumab in Japanese radically unresectable malignant melanoma patients: A postmarketing surveillance. Commercial Claims Database. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. An anti-IL antibody reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers in eosinophilic esophagitis: Phase 2 trial results. Incident depression in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: a multi-database study.

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Effect of the sphingosinephosphate receptor modulator ozanimod on leukocyte subtypes in relapsing MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm Jul 31;7 5 :e Print Sep. TP53 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary AML confer an immunosuppressive phenotype. Symptoms and impacts in anemia of chronic kidney disease. AP-Net: An atomic-pairwise neural network for smooth and transferable interaction potentials. Clinical characteristics and treatment patterns of patients with venous thromboembolism VTE transitioning from hospital to post-discharge settings.

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Lenalidomide as maintenance treatment for patients with multiple myeloma after autologous stem cell transplantation: A pharmaco-economic assessment. Risperidone- and paliperidone-induced hepatotoxicity: Case report and review of literature. A minority of T cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens presented in self-HLA can provoke antitumor reactivity. Endoscopy and central reading in inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials: achievements, challenges and future developments. Association of inflammatory biomarkers with clinical outcomes in nivolumab-treated patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Strategies for high-concentration drug substance manufacturing to facilitate subcutaneous administration: A review. Treatment patterns and health outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with targeted systemic therapies in the UK. A novel semi-mechanistic tumor growth fraction model for translation of preclinical efficacy of anti-glypican 3 antibody drug conjugate to human. Nivolumab versus everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Updated results with long-term follow-up of the randomized, open-label, phase 3 CheckMate trial. Publisher Correction: Cross-site and cross-platform variability of automated patch clamp assessments of drug effects on human cardiac currents in recombinant cells.

Impact of somatic mutations on response to lenalidomide in lower-risk non-del 5q myelodysplastic syndromes patients. Quality of life of patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma initiating first-line chemotherapy in routine practice. IL transgenic mice show reduced allergen-induced lung inflammation. Assessment of impact of daily huddles and visual displays on medication delivery timeliness in a large academic medical center. Assessment of technical errors and validation processes in economic models submitted by the company for NICE technology appraisals. A generalizable data-driven multicellular model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Factors associated with non-prescription of oral anticoagulant treatment in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with dementia: a CPRD-HES study. Nivolumab treatment of elderly Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: subanalysis of a real-world retrospective observational study CACR. Interrogating the immune-modulating roles of radiation therapy for a rational combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in treating pancreatic cancer. Survival outcomes and independent response assessment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: month follow-up of a randomized phase 3 clinical trial.

Current challenges for assessing the long-term clinical benefit of cancer immunotherapy: a multi-stakeholder perspective. Assessment of effects of repeated oral doses of fedratinib on inhibition of cytochrome P activities in patients with solid tumors using a cocktail approach. Causal inference and adjustment for reference-arm risk in indirect treatment comparison meta-analysis. Large-scale implementation of a pragmatic atrial fibrillation screening program in Canadian community practice. Minimization of artifact protein aggregation using tetradecyl sulfate and hexadecyl sulfate in capillary gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions.

Poor prognostic factors in predicting abatacept response in a phase III randomized controlled trial in psoriatic arthritis. The economic burden to payers of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma during the treatment period by line of therapy. Intermittent dosing of the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 inhibitor, BMS, mitigates class-based cardiovascular toxicity in dogs but not rats. Efficacy and safety of apremilast in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis of the scalp: Results of a phase 3b, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Feeding tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates improves lactate consumption and antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures.

J Cutan Med Surg. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. Two-year follow-up of a randomized phase III clinical trial of nivolumab vs. Author Correction: Cellular census of human fibrosis defines functionally distinct stromal cell types and states. Potentiation of rifampin activity in a mouse model of tuberculosis by activation of host transcription factor EB. PLoS Pathog. Correction to: Comparative clinical outcomes between direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin among elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in the CMS Medicare population.

Annu Rev Biochem. Benchmarking Patient Recruitment and Retention Practices. Osmolality as a lever to modulate the N-glycolylneuraminicacid Neu5Gc level of a recombinant glycoprotein produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Characterization of a novel hydroxypropyl methylcellulose HPMC direct compression grade excipient for pharmaceutical tablets. Clin Genitourin Cancer. Epub Apr 1. Medical biotechnology as a paradigm for forest restoration and introduction of the transgenic American chestnut.

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Current status and future directions of high-throughput ADME screening in drug discovery. Developing Biotherapeutics in the New Decade. Serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with survival in melanoma patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibition. Recommendations for singlet-based approach in ligand binding assays: an IQ Consortium perspective. Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of fedratinib, an oral, selective Janus kinase 2 inhibitor, in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting to address confounding by indication in comparative effectiveness research of oral anticoagulants.

Inoculum size and traits of the infecting clinical strain define the protection level against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a rabbit model. Fedratinib in patients with myelofibrosis previously treated with ruxolitinib: An updated analysis of the JAKARTA2 study using stringent criteria for ruxolitinib failure. Opportunities for use of one species for longer-term toxicology testing during drug development: A cross-industry evaluation. Khincha H. Agarwal H.

Ranina H. Raghavendra Rao H. Buch Haresh P. Shah Hari S. Mishra J. Mistry J. Mehrotra J. Pardiwalla J. Bairagra J. Khaitan J. Shah J. Bhasin J. Aravind K. Mohammed Kutty K. Balakrishnan K. Devdas K. Raghavan K. Gopal K. Chaitanya K. Chythanya K. Sharma K. Venugopal K. Dharmadhikari AGP K. Meenakshi Sundaran K. Neeraja K. Dewani K. Ganguli K. Gaunguli K. Paulson K. Parameshwar K. Chhabra K. Lakshminarayanan K. Manjani K. Rastogi K. Sekar K. Vasudevan K. Radhakrishnan K. Hanumantha Rao K. Javali Kiran Suri Kirit N. Moryani M. Patil M. Gautam M. Karunagaran M. Golvala M. Lohia M. Rastogi M. Senthilkumar M.

Shah M. Rajshirke M. Mathuria M. Vohra M. Selvakumar M. Sivathanu M. Subramanian M. Shah Manish J. Sheth Manish K. Jain N. Mohanty N. Poddar N. Sahi N. Saini N. Shahi N. Shrimal N. Agarwal N. Porwal N. Ranka N. Sahni N. Agrawal N. Bhattad N. Balaji N. Nadkarni N. Venkataraman N. Deshpande Nupur Shah O. Kakade O. Mody P. Balakrishnan P. Chhotaray P. Parwal P. Tripathi P. Chidambaram P. Daniel P. Parekh P. Kapoor P. Shahi P. Choudhari P. Choudhary P. Murali Mohan Rao P. Arora P. Kothari P. Mullick P. Ramesh Kumar P. Rao P. Soma Sekhar Reddy P. Kapur P. Surte P. Sahgal Pradeep N. Kapasi Pradeep S. Doshi R.

Shah R. Jain R. Hemalatha R. Biswas R. Bothra R. Patel R. Sinha R. Muralidhar R. Bajoria R. Dutta R. Narendran R. Bhat R. Bhatt R. Raghunandan R. Ahuja R. Singhavi R. Singhvi R. Sivaraman R. Desai R. Easwar R. Venkataramani R. Vijaya Narayan R. Mitra Rahul R. Ananthan S. Anardan S. Upadhyay S. Baskar Mathuram S. Gupta S. Matta S. Thakkar S. Tiwari S. Dalal S. Ganesh S. Mehta S. Jhajharia S. Agarwal S. Bagaria S. Mukhi S. Tulsiyan S. Tyagi S. Krishnan S. Mathur S. Surana S.

Soparkar S. A magistrate cannot impose a cumulative sentence on a prisoner who is serving a sentence which would mean that the new sentence would expire more than five years after the existing sentenced commenced : s. Table 1 Table 1 offences are to be dealt with summarily unless the prosecutor or the defendant elects section Criminal Procedure Act. They are generally more serious than Table 2 offences. The offences include:. Table 2 offences are to be dealt with summarily unless the prosecutor elects s. They are generally the less serious offences. Committals were until an administrative proceeding in the Local Court to determine whether or not a person charged with an indictable offence should be committed for trial or sentence in the Supreme Court or District Court.

As from 30 April , committals are simply proceedings for committing a person charged with an indictable offence for trial or sentence s. Effectively, these changes pass the responsibility for determining whether or not there is sufficient evidence for an accused to stand trial, from an independent judicial officer, to a salaried prosecutor. Procedure in Committals : 'Charge Certificates'. The magistrate hearing the committal must set a timetable for the prosecution to serve a copy of the brief including statements of all witnesses and any other material ressonably capable of being relevant to the strength of the prosecution case or the defence case on the defendant s.

There is a continuing obligation on the prosecutor to serve material evidence on the defendant s. The Dirctor of Public Prosecutions through a solicitor is required to prepare a 'charge certificate' stating the charges to be proceeded with, any backup or related charges, and certifying that there is sufficient evidence to establish each charge s. The charge certificate must be filed in court and served on the accused on a date set by the magistrate usually no more than 6 months after the first return date of the court attendance notice s.

If the charge certificate is not filed in time, the magistrate has the power to discharge the defendant s. After the Charge Certificate is filed, in cases where the defendant is legally represented, and pleads not guilty to at least one offence, there is required to be a 'case conference' s. The purpose of the case conference is to determine whether or not there are any charges to which the defendant is prepared to plead guilty, and to identify the issues in the trial including the agreed or disputed facts s. The case conference is between the prosecutor and the defendant's lawyer. The initial case conference must be in person or by audiovisual link.

Subsequent case conferences may be held by telephone s. The defendat's legal representative is required to obtain instructions from the defendant and explain the benefits of a plea of guilty: s. Where there are multiple accused, there must be a seperate case conference for each accused unless the prosecutor and all the accused consent s. After the case conference, the prosecutor is required to prepare and file a Case Conference Certificate: s. The matters which must be included in the certificate are set out in s. There must be a certificate signed by the accused's lawyer to the effect that the lawyer has explained to the defendant the benefits of a plea of guilty s. Where the prosecution does not file the case conference certificate in time, the magistrate can adjourn the proceedings, or can discharge the accused s.

Where the accused makes a plea offer after the case conference certificate is filed, thatoffer can be filed separately: s. The case conference certificate and any discussions in the case conference are generally not admissible in other proceedings except sentence proceedings: s. The power of directing witnesses to attend and give evidence during the committal proceedings has been retained even though magistrates no longer have the power to discharge defendants at committal: s. If one of the parties to the proceedings applies for a witness to give evidence at committal, and the other party consents, the magistrate must give the direction: s. The purpose of retaining the power to direct witnesses to give evidence is so as to better understand the case against the defendant and facilitate charge negotiations.

If a witness is not required to give oral evidence, the witness' statement can be tendered. As a result in if a witness gives damaging evidence against the accused, which evidence is in dispute, it may be advisable to require that witness to give evidence at committal. Even if nothing is achieved in cross-examination, the simple fact of the witness having to give an account on oath creates a potential prior inconsistent statement. Complainants in cases of sexual assault, sexual servitude, child prostitution, or the production of child abuse material where the complainant was under the age of 16 years cannot be directed to attend and give evidence ib committal proceedings: s.

Witnesses who cannot be required to give evidence only if there are 'special reasons The magistrate should not require a witness in an offence involving violence eg attempted murder, reckless wounding, reckless inflict grievous bodily harm, abduction, robbery, sexual assault to give evidence unless there are 'special reasons The phrase 'in the interests of justice' has been held in another context to refer to incorporate 'as a paramount consideration that an accused person should have a fair trial' : Chapman v Gentle A Crim R Special reasons may include where the Crown case is weak, ID in issue, inconsistent versions, victim's willingness to testify: Baines v Gould 67 A Crim R This applies to indictable matters which can be dealt with summarily unless summary jurisdiction is actually offered: Kant PD [], CN [].

For other types of offences, the magistrate should not require a witness to give evidence unless there are 'substantial' reasons in the interests of justice: s. The following case law relates to previous versions of this provisions. It is not necessary to show that the case is exceptional or unusual. It is necessary to show that the reasons 'have substance in the context of the nature of committal proceedings and the provisions of the Justices Act relating to them': Losurdo A Crim R They can also include a case where the matters to be the subject of cross-examination go only to the exercise of the discretion of the trial judge and thus strictly outside the jurisdiction of the magistrate : Losurdo v DPP 44 NSWLR The availability of 'Basha' type voir dires and pre-trial applications at trial is no justification for not permitting cross-examination at the committal: Dawson v DPP [] NSWSC The magistrate needs to consider separately in relation to each witness whether the witness should be required: Hanna v Kearney 5 Crim LN [].

It is not possible to define the boundaries of "substantial reasons" in this context: Losurdo, C of A, pp , A potential narrowing of the issues to be determined at trial, if the defendant is committed, is within the term; so also is the possibility of establishing the foundation for a challenge to the admission or admissibility of evidence Hanna p 8; Losurdo , C of A pp ; the possibility of significantly undermining the credibility of a Crown witness Losurdo, C of A p ; clarification of the evidence proposed to be called so as to avoid a defendant being taken by surprise at a trial Losurdo , C of A, p ; and the opportunity of gaining relatively precise knowledge of the case against the defendant Hanna, p 5.

Because of its brief nature, this statement will not be as elegantly expressed as the full statement of the principles in earlier decisions. Secondly, I will not attempt to summarise every principle arising from previous authority. Thirdly, I will emphasise, where necessary, matters that are of significance to the present dispute. I take the relevant principles to be as follows: -. Where a witness has been required for cross-examination because of particulars matters, normally cross-examination will be restricted to those matters.

If a witness is directed to give evidence, that evidence is to be given orally including the evidence in chief unless the parties consent or there are substantial reasons in the interests of justice why the evidence should not be given by tendering the statement ss. Evidence at a committal must be taken in the presence of the defendant unless the defendant is excused or if the defendant is not present for any good or proper reason: s. Generally, committal proceedings are to be in open court, that is open to the public and the media: s. In sexual assault cases in particular in this context indecent assault , the court can close the court s. At common law, the power to make non-publication orders is more limited.

Committals: Costs Costs can be awarded if the defendantis discharged or if the defendant is committed for trial or sentence on a different charge to that contained in the Court Attendance Notice: s. The application for costs must be made on the day when the charge is dismissed or : Fosse 42 A Crim R Costs will only be awarded if the proceedings were initiated without reasonable cause or bad faith or the investigation was unreasonable or improper: s. Effect of a No Bill A no bill will only justify a stay of later proceedings if there is a degree of double jeopardy such as a case being no billed during the course of the trial : Mellifont 64 A Crim R 75, Swingler 80 A Crim R In particular if there is a no bill after discharge at committal, the Crown will not be prevented from filing a further ex officio indictment: D v Regina [] NSWCCA 60 not currently available on the internet.

Counsel's Brief. Police who search an advocate's papers may be in contempt of court even if they believe that it contains documents suspected of being stolen: MacDonald and Shilling 70 A Crim R Following a reader's suggestion, I have prepared a Local Court flow chart. Trial Procedure and Appeals. Legitimate Forensic Purpose. Counsel calling upon the subpoena should be able to identify with precision the legitimate forensic purpose for which the document is sought: Saleam 39 A Crim R , Alister v The Queen CLR It must be 'on the cards' that the documents would assist the defence case. A report by a principal Crown witness about the case is an example of such a document, even if nothing is known about its contents: Alister at , Prima facie anything which might provide for proper and fruitful cross-examination is allowable: Maddison v Goldrick [] 1 NSWLR esp at , Saleam.

For example, in a case where the prosecution relied on only a small proportion of a large group of a large group of intercepted calls, there was held to be a legitimate forensic purpose in requiring production of the other tapes: Regina v Taylor A Crim R Once the documents are produced it is too late to take this objection: Saleam. Public Interest Immunity. When public interest immunity is claimed, the court must weigh up the public interest in non-disclosure with the public interest in the administration of justice. In a criminal case it is sufficient if the accused can establish that the documents will materially assist his case: Alister. Special Classes of Public Interest Immunity.

Lack of an adequate interpreter may suffice to quash a conviction: Saraya 70 A Crim R Where the Crown seeks an adjournment, the court can tell the Crown that the adjournment will not be granted unless the Crown agrees to pay costs: Moseley 65 A Crim R Constitutional Guarantee of Jury Trial. Judge Alone Trial. A person can elect to be tried by judge alone if the DPP consents: s. The judge alone election must be made no later than 28 days before the trial, except by leave of the court: s.

The election is made by the accused signing a Judge Alone Election under s. If the DPP does not consent to the judge alone procedure, the judge may still order a judge alone trial if the accused consents and it is in the interests of justice to do so: s. The provision states that the court may refuse the application if the crial will involve the application of community standards, such as reasonableness, negligence, indecency, obscenity, or dangerousness s. A judge can also order a judge alone trial if there is a substantial risk of jury tampering: s.

Where the accused seeks a judge alone trial, and the prosecution opposes it, there is no presumption in favour of a judge alone trial, nor does the accused have a burden of proof to establish that there should be a judge alone trial, although there is an evidentiary onus: Regina v Belghar [] NSWCCA 86 at para [96]. The fact that the accused elects to be tried by judge alone is a relevant factor in determining whether or not a judge alone trial would be in the interests of justice: Regina v Simmons and Moore No.

There is no consensus in the cases that where there are issues of credibility that factor militates strongly in favour of a jury trial: Regina v Simmons and Moore No. In Redman the Court of Criminal Appeal held that it was an error of law to reject an application for a judge alone trial on the basis of an assumption that a jury was a superior tribunal of fact in a word against word case at para [17].

There cannot be a judge alone trial in a prosecution under a Commonwealth law, because of s. The accused can withdraw his consent to a judge alone trial at any time before trial by signing and filing an Election under s. The judgment justifying a verdict in a judge alone trial must refer to the relevant principles of law including warnings of which a jury would be directed to take into account: s.

It is necessary to show that the continuation of proceedings would involve an involve unacceptable injustice or unfairness, or be so unfairly and unjustifiably oppressive as to constitute an abuse of process: The Queen v Edwards ALR esp at [23]. A stay of proceedings until particulars were supplied was upheld in Compston PD []. A temporary stay of proceedings was granted where there had been considerable publicity about similar but unrelated sexual assault allegations in Re K [] NSWCCA A stay of proceedings was granted when a matter was not reached 5 times and witnesses and evidence disappeared: Nicholson 5 Crim LN [].

In The Queen v Edwards ALR the High Court allowed an appeal against a stay of proceedings in a 6 year old case where the exhibits had gone missing. Similarly a refusal to grant a stay in a 30 year old complaint where a complaint was made, then proceedings discontinued, then recommenced in was upheld Hogan a pseudonym v Regina [] NSWCCA Each element of the offence must be stated in the indictment: Mai 60 A Crim R An indictment can contain mutually exclusive or inconsistent counts: Thomson and Dann A Crim R The Crown is required to present an indictment within 4 weeks after committal: s. However the court has a discretion to permit the trial to proceed even if the indictment is filed out of time: s.

The time for presentation of an indictment can be extended by order of the court, but cannot be extended after the time for filing an indictment has expired: rule If the indictment is not presented within the relevant time, the court may proceed with the trial, adjourn the proceedings, or take such other action as the court thinks fit. The indictment must be filed in the court registry and a copy must be served on the accused or his legal representative within 14 days of filing the indictment: Rule After an indictment is presented, it may not be amended unless the accused consents or with leave of the court: s.

The prohibition applies to substituting a fresh indictment: s. The indictment can be amended at nearly any time during a trial if the amendment does not cause an injustice to the accused s. If the indictment is signed by a private Crown prosecutor not so authorised it seems few private Crowns are so authorised , any trial or conviction which follows is a nullity: Janceski 64 NSWLR In cases where there is no order for pre-trial disclosure, there are still limited requirements for pre-trial disclosure. Prosecution Obligation of Disclosure.

Under the Bar Rules , prosecutors are required to disclose to the defence all material which could constitute evidence relevant to the guilt or innocence of the accused see rule At common law, the Crown is obliged to inform the defence of any material which could be sensibly seen as:. In England it has been held that Crown is not obliged to supply the defence with prior inconsistent statements of defence witnesses: Regina v Brown H of L AC Defence Obligations of Pre trial Disclosure. Similarly, even if there is no order for pre-trial disclosure, the defence needs leave of the court to call evidence of alibi unless a Notice of Alibi was served on the DPP at least 42 days before the trial is listed for hearing: s.

The notice must contain names and addresses of witnesses to be called in support of the alibi. See the paragraph headed 'Alibi' below. The defence must also give notice of an intention to rely on the defence of substantial impairment in a murder trial at least 35 days before the date for trial under s. See the paragraph headed 'Notice' in the Chapter on 'Defences'. Under amendments which came into force on 1 September , both the prosecution and the defence are required to make pre-trial disclosure in accordance in accordance with a timetable set down by the court: s.

In the District Court, under Practice Note 9 District Court Practice Notes can be downloaded here , unless the Court otherwise orders, the following time table applies:. In The Supreme Court, under revised Practice Note 2 which can be downloaded here unless the Court otherwise orders, the following timetable applies:. The prosecution disclosure should include s. There is a continuing obligation upon the prosecution to disclose: s. The defence Response is to include s. Paragraphs g to k only apply to cases where the indictment is presented or filed after 2 November Criminal Procedure Amendment Pre-trial Disclosure Act If the Court orders, the defence response is to also include s. Prosecution Response to the Defence Response The prosecution must indicate what expert evidence is in dispute and what material which the defence has indicated it wishes to tender will be objected to: s.

Sanctions for non-compliance with pre-trial disclosure include:. The court may not prevent an accused from adducing evidence or comment on the accused's non-compliance unless the prosecution has complied with the pre-trial disclosure requirements: s. If an accused fails to comply with the requirements of diclosure, the prosecution or any other party with leave of the court can make comment, and the court or jury draw such unfavourrable inferences as appear proper: s. Late service of expert reports by the Crown. Withdrawing a Plea. A plea of guilty is regarded as an admission to all the legal ingredients of the offence: Sagiv 22 A Crim R In order for the defendant to establish that a plea of guilty to be withdrawn, he must demonstrate that there there is some circumstance which shows that the plea was not attributable to a genuine consciousness of guilt: Boag at Circumstances which may support the withdrawal of a plea include:.

The onus is on the accused to show that there has been a miscarriage: Boag 73 A Crim R If the plea of guilty has been entered during the course of the trial, and the judge has accepted the plea under s. Plea Bargaining. The Crown can accept a plea to any lesser charge of which the accused could be lawfully convicted: s. The judge cannot reject a plea unless something suggests that the plea is not genuine: Maxwell v The Queen CLR The Crown will be permitted to withdraw acceptance of a plea where to do otherwise would bring the system of justice into disrepute: Filioemaha A Crim R Separate Trials.

An application for separate trials can be made at any time s. There may be an application for a separate trial in two situations:. As to the first situation, in sexual assault trials at least, there should be separate trials unless the evidence is admissible as tendency or coincidence evidence 'similar fact' : De Jesus v The Queen 68 ALR 1 , Sutton v The Queen CLR Brennan.

There was some authority that where there was a cut-throat defence that is, each accused blaming the other , there should be a separate trial Farrell and Cotton 48 A Crim R There should be separate trials when. Where the evidence against an applicant for a separate trial is significantly weaker than and different to that admissible against another, or the other accused to be jointly tried with him; and 2. Where the evidence against those other accused contains material highly prejudicial to the applicant, although not admissible against him; and 3. Where there is a real risk that the weaker Crown case against the applicant will be made immeasurably stronger by reason of the prejudicial material,.

In Pham [] NSWCCA at paras [39] to [40] it was doubted that it was necessary to show that the case against the accused was weaker. It was also said that 'immeasurably' in this context means 'significant, though incommensurate' or disproportionate. Where an accused faces a number of separate trials, there is no principle that the most serious matter should be tried first: Giovannone A Crim R Change of Venue.

In order to obtain a change of venue the accused must satisfy the court that there is a reasonable possibility that the accused will not get a fair and impartial trial: Webb and Hay v The Queen CLR 41, 64 A Crim R The power to change venue is given by s. The onus is on the applicant toshow why there ahould be a change invenue, but it is not necessary to show 'exceptional circumstances', and the onus is not to be regarded as a heavy one: Regina v Turnbull [] NSWSC esp at paras [68] to [72].

Joint Trials. In a joint trial the judge should present the case against each accused separately: Masters 59 A Crim R at The judge can require the accused to enter the dock or can allow him to remain in the well of the court: s. This matter is very much in the discretion of the judge: see Regina v Dirani No. However, if the accused absconds during the course of the trial, the judge has a discretion about whether the trial should continue or not: Williams v Regina [] NSWCCA It is not clear what the responsibilities of counsel are in this situation, that is whether to withdraw or to proceed to appear, but probably the better view is that counsel should assume his or her instructions have been withdrawn. Jury Challenges. The accused has 3 peremptory challenges to jurors s.

The Crown has the same number of challenges as all the accused put together: s. The old rule that there were more challenges in a murder trial has been abolished. The DPP Guidelines state that the right to challenge 'should never be exercised so as to attempt to select a jury that is not representative of the community, including as to age, sex, ethnic origin, religious belief, marital status, or economic, cultural or social background' DPP Guideline An individual juror can be discharged through death, illness or any other reason.

A criminal trial can proceed with as few as 10 jurors, and with as few as 8 if the prosecution and the accused both consent or if the trial has been going for at least 2 months: s. Where a juror is discharged through illness, it is not necessary for the judge to be satisfied that the juror will not recover quickly: Wu v The Queen CLR The judge must make 2 separate steps: first, to determine whether the individual juror should be discharged, and then to determine whether or not the trial can continue with the reduced jury: Wu v The Queen CLR The jury can be reduced below 12 in Commonwealth cases despite the constitutional guarantee of 'trial by jury': Brownlee v The Queen CLR For an example of a case where a judge presiding over a long trial discharged the whole jury when one juror sought to be discharged at an early stage of the trial, see Regina v Khan No.

A juror should not be discharged where there is evidence that that juror would, if not discharged, have voted for an acquittal: BG v Regina [] NSWCCA esp at para []. Plea After Empanelling. If there is a plea of guilty during a trial, the jury can be discharged and the judge can find the accused guilty: s. At common law, once the jury is empanelled, only it can find the accused guilty, even if there is a plea: Ross PD []. Once a judge has made a finding that the accused is guilty under s. Plea by Co-Accused in Front of the Jury. The plea of a co-accused is not evidence against the accused: Cowell 24 A Crim R 47 at However, although it is preferrable if the plea is entered in the absence of the jury, if the plea is enteredin front of the jury, and appropriate directions are given, no succesful ground of appeal may arise: Humphries v Regina [] NSWCCA Crown Opening.

If the evidence falls short of the Crown opening there may be an entitlement to a discharge: Owen 56 A Crim R The defence is entitled to make an opening address immediately after the Crown's address, whether or not the defence intends to call evidence, limited to setting out the matters in dispute and the nature of the defence: s. Duties of Prosecutors. The Bar Association Rules require that prosecutors :. It has been held that cross-examining a defence witness about an old prior criminal conviction, without informing the defence, or seeking a ruling from the trial judge, was a 'serious departure from the standards of conduct rquired by a Crown prosecutor': Montgomery v Regina [] NSWCCA 73 esp at para [6].

A conviction was quashed in Khalifeh 85 A Crim R 68 where the appellant in a 32 day case had no transcript. Pursuant to s. Choice of Witnesses. The Crown should not refuse to call a witness simply because the witness' testimony does not support the Crown's theory of the case. The judge only has the power to call a witness in exceptional circumstances: Apostilides , Griffis 91 A Crim R The DPP Guidelines state that 'the Crown should generally call all apparently credible witnesses whose evidence is essential to the complete unfolding of the Crown case or is otherwise material to the proceedings' DPP Guideline Witness not Called at Committal.

If a witness not called at committal is called at trial, the trial judge may order a voir dire: Basha 39 A Crim R , Sandford 72 A Crim R Where evidence needs to be called to determine whether or not evidence should be led before the jury, the evidence on the preliminary question of admissibility is led in the absence of the jury in what is called a 'voir dire'. The voir dire can be held before the jury is empanelled: Rule Reading the Evidence of a Witness Unavailable at Trial If a witness is dead or so ill as to not be able to travel or is absent from Australia, the depositions of the committal can be read: s.

This includes statements tendered at committal: s. It is not sufficient for s. Section only applies to admit evidence at the committal. Where an accused is unrepresented at committal, a statement is inadmissible under s. The defence can require the deposition to be read with no discretion to reject such evidence: s. The jury should be directed that it has not seen the witness to judge his credibility, or had the opportunity to cross-examine him, and the evidence should be scrutinized with great care: Horan [] VLR , Nablerski 44 A Crim R , Scott and Barnes, Mendham.

The depositions are taken to be a true record unless the contrary is proved: s. Objections By Judge. A trial judge should not reject questions not objected to unless eg the question is unfair: Lars and Da Silva PD []. Failure of a judge to give reasons for a ruling is an error of law but it will not generally lead to a succesful appeal if the appeal court can independently come to the same conclusion: Madubuko v The Queen [] NSWCCA esp at para [22]. Generally, trials are to be in open court, that is open to the public and the media. This general rule is subject to some statutory and common law exceptions. The publication of the name of a child who is a victim, defendant, or witness in criminal proceedings is generally prohibited, unless the child is over 16 and consents, or if the child is under 16 and the court consents.

The court can also permit publication of the name of a child convicted of a serious indictable offence: s. Power to Direct an Acquittal. A trial judge has no power to direct an acquittal on the basis that the evidence that the evidence is unsafe and unsatisfactory. However if the identification evidence is unsatisfactory he may take that evidence away from the jury and then direct an acquittal: R 44 A Crim R It is not sufficient to give a directed acquittal in a circumstantial case simply because there is a hypothesis consistent with innocence: JMR at On a no case submission, the Crown case is taken at its highest, and evidence favouring the accused is disregarded: Doney v The Queen 50 A Crim R Formerly, there was a power for a trial judge to direct a jury, at the end of the Crown case, that the jury was entitled to return a verdict of 'not guilty' at any time, without waiting for the defence case, addresses, or the summing up: The Queen v Prasad 2 A Crim R Alternative Counts.

The principles as to leaving alternative counts to a jury were helpfully summarised in King 59 NSWLR at para []. It is undesirbale for an alternative count to be raised by the trial judge for the first time in the summing up that is, after addresses : Sheen v Regina [] NSWCCA esp at para [90]. If the jury is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty of one of two alternative counts, it need only be satisfied on balance as to which of the two applies: Gilson 53 A Crim R In a case where an accused is indicted with an offence such as murder and a less serious offence such as manslaughter is left as an alternative, it appears that no verdict can be taken on the lesser count unless the jury returns a unanimous verdict of not guilty on the more serious count: Stanton v The Queen [] HCA 29, ALR Dock Statement.

There are no dock statements for people charged after 10th June s. However the accused can't say in the witness box that everything he said in the dock was true: Tangmahsuk 7 NSWLR The judge may permit notes to be referred to but not read: Schneidas 4 A Crim R It appears that a document can be tendered in or after the dock statement if the accused would have been able to tender it if giving sworn evidence: See Lun and Welsh 49 WN , Howard 49 WN The defence needs leave of the court to call evidence of alibi unless a Notice of Alibi in writing was served on the DPP at least 21 days before the trial is listed for hearing: s.

The Crown can normally tender an alibi notice as part of its case, though each case depends on its facts: Rossborough Cr App For this reason great care should be taken in drafting an alibi notice. The jury should be directed that :. The jury should also be directed that alibi witnesses can be genuinely mistaken, that even false alibis can be put forward for many reasons, and that the fact of a false alibi can only be used if the sole reason for the fabrication was to deceive them: Visser PD []. In Skondin [] NSWCCA esp at para [47] it was held that a trial judge should be slow to refuse leave to call alibi evidence where no notice has been given unless the Crown has suffered significant prejudice which could not be addressed without significant disruption of the trial.

See also Evans A Crim R