The Importance Of Self-Reliance In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne

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Gone With The Wind is epic, not only in the sweep of its storyline but also in length. It recounts the tale of Elizabeth Bennett, one of five sisters with a mother hellbent on them marrying rich, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, an arrogantly wealthy English gentleman. Plus, it has sold more than 20 million copies worldwide, offering further encouragement for you to download the title. The book explores the lives of a sculptor named Roderick Hudson and Rowland Mallet, his single male benefactor.

During their travels to Europe, the two experience a number of hardships and failed relationships. An undercurrent of unrequited love appears to exist between the two, leading to an absolutely devastating ending. It really is beautiful and enthralling, though, with an ending that epitomizes the meaning of tragedy and doomed love. However, the original tale about the Phantom living below the opera houses all the core elements of the latter adaptations: a menacing figure presiding over the opera, a talented chorus girl, and an enchanting childhood sweetheart that comes between them.

Wuthering Heights is set in the stormy moors of England during the early s and is centered on a love that is disturbingly fierce and vividly dark. Everyone knows dating in the workplace can cause … complications. Amazon Google. Russian author Leo Tolstoy knows all too well that we cannot help who we love. In his second acclaimed novel, the beautiful and passionate Anna Karenina leaves her husband when she falls head over heels for a wealthy army officer named Count Vronsky.

It essentially built the foundation on which the concept of evolutionary biology is based, providing evidence from his voyage on the HMS Beagle, and expanded on the theories he and Alfred Russel Wallace helped conceive. Thoreau is a brilliant writer who seemingly has little trouble combining autobiographic details with an apt and poignant social critique of Western civilization. Nonetheless, The Trial was published the year following his death, though never completed. The story revolves around Joseph K, a respectable chief financial officer at an undisclosed bank, and his arrest and subsequent prosecution for a crime that is never revealed to him or the reader.

The ideal state is far harder to implement than it is to envision. It, along with several others, help develop political theory and add further fuel to a period already swimming with philosophical debates. The novel begins with the main protagonist, Siddhartha, voluntarily leaving his prosperous Brahman life for one more contemplative and full of meaning. He relinquishes his processions and conceives a son, but later relapses into a life of materialism until he finds salvation and enlightenment in the presence of a river.

Dorian Gray is a chic, young man of wealth and beauty who, under the influence of a nobleman, decides to sell his soul and embark on an immoral path to retain his fleeting youth. In doing so, he hopes to outlast a portrait painted of him by artist Basil Hallward, but soon finds the painting a mere reflection of his debauched acts and hedonistic sins. Wilde was a major proponent of the aestheticism movement, emphasizing the beauty of art over its educational and societal value, and his novel is evidence of that.

It was scandalous for the time, resulting in strict censorship, but remained distinctly Wilde nonetheless. Einstein was a brilliant physicist — that much is indisputable. While working at the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, he devised what would become the bedrock of modern physics and some of the most influential theories ever created. The essay represents one of the principal sources of empiricism in philosophy, the idea that our knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experiences we encounter, and thus counters the theory that knowledge and traditions are innate.

The story centers on a young woman, Emma Woodhouse, who seems to have somewhat misplaced confidence in her matchmaking abilities. Many romantic misadventures ensue, and the humor never wanes throughout. The best part of short stories is the brevity, whether good or bad. My Man Jeeves is a comical collection of eight short stories originally published in various U. Half of the stories are centered on silly escapades of the good-hearted aristocrat Bertie Wooster and his loveable valet Jeeves, while others concern Reggie Pepper a similar character to Wooster. Twain was fabled for embedding autobiographical accounts of his wanderlust years within his fictional works.

It delves into his stints as a gold miner, a reporter, and a lecturer as his stagecoach travels through Nevada and his side trip to Hawaii. Sure, Wilde penned his one and only novel in , but it was his later works that helped him become the acclaimed playwright we recognize him as today. The Importance of Being Earnest is the embodiment of satire, a humorous examination of Victorian-era manners and marriage laced with rapid-fire wit and an eccentric cast of epigrams.

It revolves around two refined gentlemen who adopt fake personas with the goal of dazzling their respected love interest. If there ever was a Shakespeare play that relied on language to carry the plot more so than any other theme, it would be The Taming of the Shrew. Chivalry is arguably on its way out, but it would likely never cease if the country gentlemen Don Quixote and his cunning squire Sancho Panza had anything to do with it. The e-book also includes line drawing illustrations. Broken into five sections and dense with allusions, homages, and various languages, the poem conveys the feelings of a world shattered by World War I and the cultural upheavals of the 20th century.

Percy Shelley was one of the great figures in the Romantic movement , running in the same circles as figures such as Lord Byron and John Keats, and his poetry stands as some of the most iconic of the era, swelling with gorgeous imagery and masterful arrangements. This collection includes some of his most famous works, like the sonnet Ozymandias , as well as longer pieces like Prometheus Unbound.

These poems, written in vernacular English, offer a glimpse into the lives of country folk and the beauty of nature. One of the foundational texts of English literature, Beowulf follows the titular hero, a Geat who comes to the aid of the Danish king Hrothgar, whose land is besieged by the monster Grendel. Beowulf is a majestic work, one sure to please any reader who enjoys tales of heroes rending limbs from monsters. There are plenty of stories that make up Arthurian legend, but one of the most famous is the tale of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Along the way, he must withstand the temptation to break his vows and the chivalric code. Like all Greek myths, it is a story of complicated, oft-flawed people, and the disastrous consequences of their actions.

This is one of the best poetry books of all time. Every high school curriculum over the years assigns grumpy English students with the terrifying, borderline Herculean feat of creating a sonnet. Not all of us can be as adept as Shakespeare, who wrote breathtaking sonnets that are some of the most beautiful poems on Earth. This particular storyline is designed for a broad audience and is filled with tantalizing rendezvous with sirens, intense battles with cyclops, and grievous losses of suitors. The writing style is dactylic hexameter paired with a non-linear plot that includes intriguing Greek mythology and folklore. Although only 12 poems are included in the first edition of the collection, it took Whitman the majority of his life to write.

He finally finished the same year he passed away. They span a wide range of topics, including but not limited to American romanticism, the machinery age, and nature. But those are only a few of many. Books designed specifically for Kindle are often available in these formats. You can find almost any classics and even a few select newer books. A quick search or a filter option will offer dozens if not hundreds of free titles available across a variety of genres. The best part is that you can download these directly to your device without any hassle. Book Lending : If you would rather borrow books than download them permanently, Book Lending may be an excellent option for you.

It is a free library-like service where you can lend and borrow from a wide selection of titles. Books are only available for 14 days after you borrow, so it is a great motivator for procrastinators. Whether downloading free e-books is legal depends on where you are downloading them from. Using public domain content from sites like Project Gutenberg is legal. The problem arises when you access or download e-books from shady sites. If a relatively unknown website is offering the latest book that just hit the shelves for free, it may be a scam or a virus bait. Watch Fury vs. Further reading Best sites for downloading free audiobooks Best e-book readers How to read EPUB books on your Kindle Thankfully, for Kindle owners, there are thousands of titles currently available via Amazon, Google Play, and an array of other online sources.

Amazon Peter and Wendy by J. Wells First published in , The Time Machine is considered one of the earliest science fiction novels, and the first of the time travel subgenre. Milo Milton Hastings This prescient dystopian novel, written by an American at the end of World War I and published in , depicts the city of Berlin more than a century later when millions of people live underground as the city wages war with the rest of the world. Project Gutenberg Flatland by Edwin A. Beam Piper Piper may have committed suicide in — often attributed to financial woes and marital problems — but not before he wrote a series of stellar short stories and several novels in the sci-fi vein.

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Amazon Project Gutenberg Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad An increasingly nightmarish journey on a steamboat in the Congo turns into a disturbing journey into the human psyche. Project Gutenberg The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Doyle did not invent the fictional detective archetype — that arguably goes to Edgar Allen Poe — but he certainly helped bring it to the mainstream with this classic mystery book. Google Murder on the Mind by L. Amazon Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Shelley wrote and published Frankenstein by the time she turned Google The Strange Case of Dr.

Jekyll and Mr. Project Gutenberg The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Dorian Gray is a chic, young man of wealth and beauty who, under the influence of a nobleman, decides to sell his soul and embark on an immoral path to retain his fleeting youth. Wodehouse The best part of short stories is the brevity, whether good or bad. Project Gutenberg Roughing It by Mark Twain Twain was fabled for embedding autobiographical accounts of his wanderlust years within his fictional works. Project Gutenberg The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde Sure, Wilde penned his one and only novel in , but it was his later works that helped him become the acclaimed playwright we recognize him as today.

Google The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare If there ever was a Shakespeare play that relied on language to carry the plot more so than any other theme, it would be The Taming of the Shrew. Google Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Chivalry is arguably on its way out, but it would likely never cease if the country gentlemen Don Quixote and his cunning squire Sancho Panza had anything to do with it. Eliot T. Project Gutenberg Beowulf One of the foundational texts of English literature, Beowulf follows the titular hero, a Geat who comes to the aid of the Danish king Hrothgar, whose land is besieged by the monster Grendel.

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He believed that, as a monarch, he was the representative of God on earth. Charles I : Like his father, he avoided Parliament and ruled eleven years without it. The Commons were strongly Protestant and denied the king money for more than a year at a time. This confrontation led to the Petition of Right of , which stated that the king could not imprison without trial or impose taxes without the consent of the Commons. The petition became the foundation of all later declarations of civil rights, but Charles dismissed it because he thought that he was king by divine right.

As he needed money to pay his army to fight a rebellion in Scotland, the king was forced to summon the socalled Short Parliament in , which refused to give him the money. A new Parliament was thus elected, the so-called Long Parliament. Meanwhile a rising middle class wanted the king to be subject to Parliament, which began passing laws to reduce his powers. The king raised an army of Royalists and declared war against his opponents, the Parliamentarians. Charles I was captured in , condemned to death and finally executed. Oliver Cromwell : He was the commander of the Parliamentarians.

The House of Lords was abolished and censorship was introduced. Restoration life: Theatres, race-courses and taverns re-opened; fashion and gossip replaced religious debate; rejection of strict morality in favour of a more rational interest in the real, present world, rather than a concentration on the life of the soul. The religious question: The Corporation Act excluded the dissenters from public offices; the Act of Uniformity imposed the use of the Book of Common Prayer and the Test Act required all public employees to conform to the Church of England.

Wren presented a plan for a new City with wide streets and squares, buildings and churches in the neoclassical style. Causes of the revolution: James II placed Catholics in positions of authority in the army and universities. His heirs were his two Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne. Succession to the throne: The Act of Settlement excluded Catholics from the throne and declared that Anne and her heirs would succeed William. Ireland remained a separate kingdom with its own Parliament, though subordinate to Westminster. Morality and fashion demanded simplicity and emotional authenticity.

This influenced the emerging of the figure of the gentleman. However, there was a counter-culture which developed a taste for manly sports such as boxing, racing and fox-hunting, which became important in rural social life. There was a growing tendency towards material gain, individual happiness and pleasure as the main objectives of life. Structure It was roofed and artificially lit with candles. The audience sat in the dark in galleries, and on benches or even on boxes in the pit.

Stage There were footlights, a drop curtain and painted movable scenery at the back of the stage for the most important scenes in a play. Stage There was no scenery. No more than twelve actors could appear on stage at the same time due to the space restrictions. In the front of the stage there was a trap door used for devilish apparitions and disappearances, and also for burials. Behind the stage there was an inner stage, which was used for discoveries and concealments. There was no general stage curtain. There were an upper stage hidden by a curtain and a balcony normally used by musicians. Puritan morality still played a leading role in the life of many middle-class readers, so both novelists and journalists combined religious and secular interests in their works.

Techniques used and their aim: Satire and mock-heroic verse were still the favourite techniques for criticism and moral concern. Language: Rejection of everyday language in favour of poetic diction. Style: Use of standard phrases and periphrases for everyday objects, apostrophe, inversion and personification as well as Latinised words and constructions. Audiences began to enjoy pantomime, a kind of ballad opera, a mixture of political satire, picaresque adventures and love interest. The Restoration comedy of manners was replaced by the sentimental comedy, dealing with everyday problems in simple language, where virtue triumphs over vice. Realistic novel main representative: Daniel Defoe with his novel Robinson Crusoe main features: realistic descriptions of time and place.

Epistolary novel main representative: Samuel Richardson with his novel Pamela main features: told through letters exchanged between different characters. Picaresque novel main representative: Henry Fielding with his novel Tom Jones main features: episodic in structure; it is concerned with the adventures of a young hero who has to deal with tyrannical masters and misfortunes but generally manages to escape these situations by using his wit.

Anti-novel main representative: Laurence Sterne with his novel Tristram Shandy main features: the orderly narratives of events have little relation to the disorder of the human mind, which is not linked to a logical sequence of events. He has a very good countenance and most features remind Robinson of European people lines Robinson Crusoe represents the typical 18th-century middle-class Englishman concerned with making money and dealing with worldly matters.

He went to Brazil, where he became the owner of a plantation; then he went to Africa in order to get more slaves, and after being shipwrecked on a desert island, he gradually re-built the same kind of society as existed in his country, where the ideals of mobility, material productiveness and individualism were exalted. He organised a primitive empire: his stay on the island was not seen as a return to nature, but as a chance to exploit and dominate nature.

Robinson created a new identity for his servant, he was not interested in his real identity. It is almost night and a whole day has passed; Robinson is sitting on the branch of a big tree over the water of the sea, immersed in reflection. His life has been turned into the lonely experience of a castaway out of time. What kind of shots open the sequence? The sequence opens with a medium shot on Robinson, then a long shot is employed. Archetype: a very typical example of a particular kind of person or thing, or the original model of something which has been imitated. The myth tries to rationalise and explain the universe and its phenomena: common types of myths are creation myths.

Archetypes appear in myths, literature and the art of all societies: common archetypes are the death-rebirth motif, the sacrifice of the hero and the fatal woman. The narrator is a woman; Cruso notice the different spelling is not hard working but lazy, he does not keep a journal, he has not saved any tools from the ship, he is a boring man rather than an adventurous hero; he does not want to leave the island.

Friday has not got a tongue it is not known whether Cruso is responsible for that. This hero is not of any interest for the writer. She still wears the tattered petticoat she had when she came ashore. Her skin has become brown; she behaves like a savage when she eats and she keeps on watching the horizon for someone to rescue her. No, he does not. He is not considered by the projectors and he is required to be silent during his visit to the Academy. By describing in detail the absurd objectives of each experiment, he openly expresses his disapproval.

They are referred to as rebels and are associated with the vulgar and the illiterate. In lines Swift stresses the absurdities of the projects. Swift was concerned with the aberration of human reason. He thought reason was an instrument that should be used properly; too intensive a use of reason was an error of judgement and therefore unreasonable. Thus he insisted on the need to take a common-sense view of life. Two opposing parties, the Tories and the Whigs; the cabinet and the first Prime Minister; debate and circulation of ideas; greater social mobility of the new middle classes; poverty and petty crime; the Grand Tour of Europe; Italian Palladian style; foundation of Methodism by John and Charles Wesley; Sunday schools.

It was roofed and artificially lit with candles. There were footlights, a drop curtain and painted movable scenery at the back of the stage The audience sat in the dark in galleries, and on benches or even on boxes in the pit, which became a very fashionable place to be seated. What are the powers and supernatural traits of vampires? Do they have any limitations?

Suggestion: Vampires are traditionally said to possess the following powers and supernatural traits: they are potentially immortal; they survive on blood; they have the strength of twenty men; they can shape-shift into wolves and bats; they can appear as mist or elemental dust; they have no reflection in a mirror and cast no shadow; they have hypnotic power over their victims and can turn them into vampires. However, they do also have limitations: they may not enter a house unless they are invited in; they lose their supernatural powers during daylight hours; they must sleep on the soil of their native land; they can cross running water only at the slack or flood of the tide; they are repelled by raw garlic and holy symbols crucifix, Holy Wafer ; they can be destroyed by driving a stake through their heart and then cutting off their head.

The count is connoted as a hellish, devilish creature and a wild beast. On the one hand he survives on the blood of his victims, he is very strong, he can appear as mist and he has hypnotic powers, but on the other hand he is repelled by holy symbols - crucifixes and the Holy Wafer. The Gothic features are: the setting ruins and graveyard ; darkness; the mysterious woman, that is, the ghost; the atmosphere of loneliness, fear and horror caused by the supernatural presence.

Fear leads him to the determination to follow the woman and find out who she was. He was associated with purity and uncorrupted sensitiveness, he was unspoilt by civilisation, and closer to God and the sources of creation than an adult. Therefore childhood was a state to be admired and cultivated. It is the veneration of what is far away both in space and in time; the picturesque in scenery, the remote and the unfamiliar in custom and social outlook.

Nature was regarded as a living force and, in a pantheistic vein, as the expression of God in the universe. It became a main source of inspiration, a stimulus to thought, a source of comfort and joy, and a means to convey moral truths. First generation attempt to theorise about poetry; the beauty of nature and ordinary things; visionary topics, the supernatural and mystery. Second generation experienced political disillusionment; clash between the ideal and the real; individualistic and escapist attitudes; alienation of the artist from society.

Education: Trained as an engraver when he was a boy; later he studied at the Royal Academy of Arts. Beliefs: A political freethinker and a radical, he supported the French Revolution; he had a strong sense of religion. Blake is exalting the qualities of energy and instinct as opposed to reason. He thought that the possibility of progress, of achieving the knowledge of what we are, lies in the tension between opposite states of mind, which exist not in linear sequence but in parallel: they are simultaneous. Parents: Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin Both her parents had been heavily influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution and were part of a small radical group.

Where she lived: At first she fled with the poet P. Shelley to France; then they rented a country house on the banks of Lake Geneva; later on they moved to Lerici, where one day Percy set sail in a storm and drowned; Shelley finally returned to England in Similarities Both poets described the city of London at the time of industrialisation. They both included the river Thames in their description. They both perceived the city through the senses of sight and hearing, and used personification.

Differences Text 1 Wordsworth associated big cities with noise and smoke, and loved the countryside. In the early 19th century, however, London still retained a partially rural atmosphere. So he sees it positively only when the population is not engaged in their work. Text 2 Blake describes London at night. The city is ugly, in the hands of traders and full of suffering.

These are all victims of industrialisation and institutions. In these lines Wordsworth shows the daffodils as part of a universal order: they grow where they are meant to do, just as the stars in the Milky Way are fixed in their courses, because of the natural law which dictates their existence. It is only afterwards, in recollection, that the act is understood and described. The thought came later, and the poem is the record of that thought and of the intellectual delight it offers.

It is imagination that enables man to enter into and give life and significance to the world. The present tense. The shift to this tense underlines that the poet is recollecting the scene in a state of tranquillity. Manfred as a Byronic hero: Solitary, driven by a sense of guilt, darkly handsome, tyrannical and passionate, but also kind, intellectual and brave. Influences on the creation of the hero: The myth of Faust, Milton, the Gothic novel, and especially the archetypal figure of Cain as the man predestined to commit evil and to face damnation.

The point of view is shifting, assembling different perspectives on Manfred through the other characters of the play. The main narrative mode is dialogue. In the first and last paragraphs there is the voice of the omniscient narrator. He is reserved, sarcastic and clever; she is rather ignorant and moody, apparently interested only in manners and in getting her daughters married. They are the relationship between the individual and society, the contrast between imagination and reason, and marriage. By the French general Napoleon Bonaparte had defeated much of Europe and was effectively ruling France as a military dictator. Later the Duke of Wellington led British soldiers to victories in Portugal. Napoleon, weakened by his disastrous invasion of Russia, surrendered in The term refers to the reorganisationof the political parties that took place during the Victorian Age.

The Liberal Party was formed by the former Whigs, some Radicals and a large minority of businessmen, while the Tory Party had become the Conservative Party in the s. The factors that can explain this situation are: the rise of the novel; the power of theatrical managers, who decided what plays might appeal to the audience and give financial returns; the presence of great actors and actresses whose virtuosity often turned very poor plays into great success; and the fact that the rich middle classes did not appreciate drama as a form of art.

Playhouse: Permanent theatres were circular or octagonal. There were two doors for entrances and exits. Behind the stage there was an inner stage. There were also an upper stage hidden by a curtain and a balcony. Communication was therefore intimate and direct. Plays took place in daylight. Audiences were drawn from all social classes. Characters: Tragedy: kings, princes and warriors; comedy: ordinary people generally belonging to the upper classes. Themes: Universal. Language: Tragedy: solemn and poetic; comedy: formal, witty, mainly in prose.

Stage directions: Absence of any scenery effects. The stage relied on conventions using a limited number of props. For night scenes a simple candle or torch represented the night world. The colours used to describe the town are red and black bricks , black and purple water , black and white writing on notices. Not gold, which is mentioned in line 38as a noun but not as a colour adjective. Third-person omniscient narrator. He is obtrusive since he openly intervenes in the narration lines , Everything in Coketown seems monotonous and repetitive.

People seem dehumanised beings, the parts of machinery which are always repeating the same actions. Mr Rochester utters a sort of monologue where he speaks of Jane in the third person, as if she were not present and he were speaking to an audience. Mr Rochester is moody and restless. In the text he is connoted by anger lines , , 33, 49 , physical strength lines , passion lines and despair lines , He seems to desire more from the character of the woman he wants to love than from her physical appearance.

He seeks a woman with inner splendour, and sees something special in Jane which attracts him much more than anything visible to the eye. She holds something unique and special deep in her soul and personality, hidden from the outside. The first two paragraphs deal with the tension between reason and passion which is a theme running throughout the novel. Jane has the qualities of endurance, valour and vitality, yet she has refused self-contentment by the confined society in which she lives. She oscillates between duty and desire, denial and fulfilment. She is presented as a free spirit struggling for recognition and self-respect in the face of rejection by a class-ridden and moneyoriented society.

This explains why she finally leaves Mr Rochester. Charlotte felt deeply about the oppressed status of women at the time, especially women endowed with intelligence but devoid of fortune or looks, like herself. The text develops the theme of spiritual equality regardless of social rank; though not a new theme, it is asserted with an unusual force in this novel, leading some readers to see Jane and her creator in feminist terms and as opposed to the strict Victorian social class system.

At the beginning Jane is a lonely, dependent orphan girl, but she battles the constraints of her harsh upbringing and becomes educated, not only intellectually, but also socially and spiritually. She develops into a strong, confident and independent woman, who neither has to give up her spiritual beliefs nor her human desire for love to be genuinely happy.

She becomes the epitome of the modern woman, as she manages a perfect balance between the spiritual and the physical, which is what she really wanted in life. So there was increasing pessimism and concern that social problems were growing, not being solved. Great social changes had taken place for middle- and working-class men, and the position of women was being debated. Hardy reflects all this. However, he wrote about agricultural labourers and rural life at a time when most people lived in towns and their lives were dominated by factories and commerce - Hardy emphasises the rural calendar and the changing seasons, which had been forgotten in urban life.

In this way, he confronts the social dilemmas that Victorian society had created with the timeless tragedy of human existence. He used the omniscient narrator, which was a typical feature of the Victorian novel, to expose Victorian hypocrisy and to present a view deprived of the consolation of faith. These two aspects of beauty are closely interwoven in his poetry: the former, which is the expression of the latter, is linked to life, enjoyment, decay and death; the latter is related to eternity. Thus an artist can die but his work of art lives forever and can communicate his feelings and its sense of beauty to men. Moreover, Keats identified beauty and truth as the only true types of knowledge. According to Oscar Wilde, the value of any work of art lies in its beauty, and not in the message that the artist wants to convey.

The artist writes only to please himself since he is not interested in communicating his feelings and thoughts to his fellow-beings. He kills himself in stabbing the portrait because the portrait symbolises the dark side of his own soul. They belong to the semantic area of mystery. In fact it is art that wins at the end of the book, since Dorian Gray dies and the picture recovers all its past perfection. He seems to be seen through an oval lock; he is out of focus. Suggestion: Throughout the novel Dorian shows a twofold attitude towards the picture. Sometimes he sees it as a reflection of his own soul as in the film sequence , and sometimes he sees it as endowed with an autonomous life as in the text from the last chapter of the novel.

During his life he came in touch with the leading literary and philosophical minds of his day: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Herman Melville. The philosophy of Transcendentalism encouraged man to transcend the materialistic world of experience and facts through reflection and intuition in order to discover and become aware of eternal truths in the natural world. First, he was a skilled novelist with an impressive talent for form. He was deeply concerned with the concepts of original sin and guilt and the claims of law and conscience. There was widespread mourning and grief across the country, and Whitman, who was a great admirer of Lincoln, wrote this poem.

The poet thought that Lincoln embodied the American virtues of honesty and courage, and his death inspired a simple, three-stanza poem of sorrow that little resembled his other, more experimental writings. O Captain! There is no rhyme scheme. The poet breaks away from the conventions of poetry and anticipates modern experimentation. The poem is characterised by the lack of punctuation and the use of dashes. In this way Dickinson creates suspense, emphasises certain words and forces the reader to pause and reconsider. As a result the emotion expressed in the poem is highlighted. Dickinson uses personification; she modifies the traditional frightening image of death and turns it into the figure of a gentleman who takes his lady for a ride in his carriage.

The idea of the last journey is connected with the concept of another life in eternity. At the same time it is contrasted with the idea that life on earth will continue around us even after our departure. Disillusioned and cynical mood due to the loss of many lives; frantic search for pleasure; sense of guilt for the horrors of trench warfare; loss of purpose; widening of the gap between the generation of the young and the older one, regarded as responsible for the terrible waste of lives during the war; increasing rootlessness and frustration, due to the slow dissolution of the Empire into the Commonwealth, led to a transformation of the notions of imperial hegemony and white superiority.

The traditional features subverted by Modernist writers were the limitations inbv space and time, the linear flow of narrative or conventional verse, the objectivity provided by an omniscient third-person narrator. Absorbing the influences of the past and contemporary ascendancy coming from abroad, in the attempt to build a new system of references, English modern literature was becoming cosmopolitan, thus moving away from the upper-middle-class milieu of Victorian society.

In free verse the traditional metre and rhyme scheme are absent. Its only unifying element is the use of the poetic line. The free verse line might consist of a complete sentence or of a single word, whose relation to the syntactic structure of preceding and succeeding lines is flexible. Alliteration and assonance compensate for the absence of the other traditional musical devices. The new manners were a reaction against the strict Puritan morality of the previous century.

They were especially evident among young people, with their roaring cars and the new daring dances like the Charleston. In spite of Prohibition, parties and cocktails became fashionable and women began to wear their hair and dresses short, looking boyish. They were aware of the moral desert hiding behind the glamour of the Jazz Age and they attacked its superficial hedonism. With the exception of a few traditionalists, American poets wrote in free verse, abandoning conventional verse forms, experimenting with syntax, punctuation and typography. Afro-American literature found its fullest expression in Harlem Renaissance, a movement which concerned the literary and artistic fields as well as the cultural and intellectual ones.

This movement raised important issues affecting the lives of African Americans; its writers exalted their heritage and tried to use their unique culture as a means to redefine African American literary expression. Afro-American writers had to face the problem of self-definition through a new evaluation of their past, relying in particular on the rich folk tradition - oral culture, black dialect, jazz and blues composition - to create unique literary forms. Much of the literature of the period was characterised by a resentful and bitter pessimism, a new social consciousness, a feeling of political responsibility and a deeper interest in psychology.

He views England as a mother who gave him life and brought him up teaching him feelings of joy and gentleness. The poem deals with patriotic ideas and the idealisation of those who sacrifice their life for their country. Death in battle is not regarded as a tragic experience but as a noble act. It is clear that the poet despised him. The poet wanted to celebrate the sacrifice of these heroes and at the same time to reflect on the contradictions of political commitment and nationalism.

His poem wanted to immortalise these figures and make them part of the Irish heritage, which all the Irish people could share. The poem starts with the image of a falcon wheeling about in the sky, far away from the falconer who released it. Another possible interpretation is that the falcon stands for the intellect and the falconer for the body sensations and feelings heart. Here his vision ends, and Yeats starts thinking again. This poem is a riddle and ends with a question. Throughout the poem there are hints as to what the answer to the riddle is, but Yeats does not come right out with the answer and leaves the question open.

The poem is an apocalyptic vision of the future of mankind. A second theme is that of paganism as opposed to Christianity. Yeats had come to view Christianity as weak and its innocence as idealistic and impractical in the real world line 6 , where the Spiritus Mundi can promise satisfaction and earthly fulfilment. The idea of the power of the new order is amplified by the size of the sphinx. This suggests the power of the process which integrates the human intellect with the animal power of the bodily intelligence of the beast.

This idea challenges the conventional Christian idea that Christ overcomes the Beast of Revelation. Suggestion: Thomas Stearns Eliot was educated at Harvard. In the s Eliot spent some time in a Swiss sanatorium, in Lausanne, undergoing psychological treatment and here he finished his masterpiece The Waste Land Poetry became his refuge where he expressed all his horror at his unhappy home life. His religious poetry blossomed in Ash Wednesday , a purgatorial poem, and then in Four Quartets The works of the first period are characterised by a pessimistic vision of the world, without any hope, faith, ideals or values. They depict a nightmarish land where spiritual aridity and lack of love have deprived life of all meaning.

Purification, hope and joy are the key words of the works of the second period: the poetry of Journey of the Magi , Ash Wednesday , Four Quartets and two important plays, Murder in the Cathedral , on the assassination of Thomas Becket, and The Family Reunion , on the guilt and expiation of a man haunted by the Furies. Both Eliot and Picasso revolutionised their art and developed new ways of communication. The Waste Land is one of the highest expressions of modernism in literature. The journeying motif runs through the whole poem: the speaker moves around London encountering images of waste and decay, but he cannot find the redemptive shrine.

It is a parody of the symbolic Tomb of the Unknown Soldier commemorating unidentified soldiers; tombs of unknown soldiers were first created following the First World War. He was an ordinary man, he worked, had a family, served his country. He participated in society, was orthodox in his views, never rebelled against authority and bought material goods. The couplet in the last two lines sums up the argument of the whole poem.

Through the anonymity of the citizen and the names referring to the institutions, Auden conveys a satirical description of life in the consumer society. It is a materialistic, technological society in an urban environment, where there is no place for imagination, feelings and spiritual depth. In such a context life is seen as a question of statistics rather than individual happiness. He acts as a public, committed voice against the danger of totalitarianism. He speculates about citizenship and how the State controls man. Suggestion: Students should mention the complexity of form, the range of subjects, particularly the concern with the themes of citizenship and alienation within modern society, and his verbal energy.

The music accompanies the zooming camera, adding to the mysterious atmosphere that characterises the whole sequence. At the beginning Aziz is furiously angry and shouts at the woman lines ; Mrs Moore gasps and is startled lines 42, Then Aziz is sorry line 48 , afraid he has startled her line 64 ; they both laugh line 79 and he is delighted line They talk about their similar family situation, they share the same opinions; he is excited line ; they sympathise lines ; she is surprised line ; he is happy lines