Cultural Issues In Ireland
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As well as causing the deaths of thousands of Irish speakers, the famine also led to sustained and widespread emigration from the Irish-speaking south and west of the country. By , for the first time in perhaps two millennia, Irish was no longer the majority language in Ireland, and continued to decline in importance. By the time of Irish independence, the Gaeltachts had shrunk to small areas along the western seaboard. In reaction to this, Irish nationalists began a Gaelic revival in the late 19th century, hoping to revive the Irish language and Irish literature and sports. While social organizations such as the Gaelic League and the Gaelic Athletic Association were very successful in attracting members, most of their activists were English speakers and the movement did not halt the decline of the Irish language.
The form of English established in Ireland differed somewhat from British English and its variants. Blurring linguistic structures from older forms of English notably Elizabethan English and the Irish language, it is known as Hiberno-English and was strongly associated with early 20th century Celtic Revival and Irish writers like J. Some nationalists saw the celebration of Hiberno-Irish by predominantly Anglo-Irish writers as offensive " stage Irish " caricature. Synge's play The Playboy of the Western World was marked by rioting at performances. Until the s, most Irish people elected as their Members of Parliament MPs Liberals and Conservatives who belonged to the main British political parties. The Conservatives, for example, won a majority in the general election in Ireland.
A significant minority also voted for Unionists , who resisted fiercely any dilution of the Act of Union. In the s a former Conservative barrister turned nationalist campaigner, Isaac Butt , established a new moderate nationalist movement, the Home Rule League. After his death, William Shaw and in particular a radical young Protestant landowner, Charles Stewart Parnell , turned the home rule movement, or the Irish Parliamentary Party IPP as it became known, into a major political force. It came to dominate Irish politics, to the exclusion of the previous Liberal, Conservative and Unionist parties that had existed there. The party's growing electoral strength was first shown in the general election in Ireland , when it won 63 seats two MPs later defected to the Liberals.
By the general election in Ireland it had won 86 seats including one in the heavily Irish-populated English city of Liverpool. Parnell's movement proved to be a broad one, from conservative landowners to the Land League. Parnell's movement also campaigned for the right of Ireland to govern herself as a region within the United Kingdom, in contrast to O'Connell who had wanted a complete repeal of the Act of Union. Two home rule bills in and were introduced by Liberal Prime Minister William Gladstone , but neither became law. Gladstone, says his biographer, "totally rejected the widespread English view that the Irish had no taste for justice, common sense, moderation or national prosperity and looked only to perpetual strife and dissension.
A large faction of Liberals, led by Joseph Chamberlain , formed a Unionist faction that supported the Conservative party. The Liberals were out of power and home rule proposals languished. Home Rule divided Ireland: a significant minority of Unionists largely based in Ulster were opposed. The revived Orange Order mobilized the opposition, warning that a Dublin parliament dominated by Catholics and nationalists would discriminate against them and would impose tariffs on trade with Great Britain.
Whilst most of Ireland was primarily agricultural, north-east Ulster was the location of almost all the island's heavy industry and would have been affected by any tariff barriers imposed by a Dublin parliament. In , the scandal surrounding Parnell's divorce proceedings split the Irish party, when it became public that Parnell, popularly acclaimed as the 'Uncrowned King of Ireland', had for many years been living in a family relationship with Mrs. Katharine O'Shea , the long-separated wife of a fellow MP.
When the scandal broke, religious non-conformists in Great Britain, who were the backbone of the pro-Home Rule Liberal Party, forced its leader W. Inside Ireland, the Catholic Church turned against him. Parnell fought for control but lost. He died in But the Party and the country remained split between pro-Parnellites and anti-Parnellites , who fought each other in elections. The United Irish League founded in forced the reunification of the party to stand under John Redmond in the general election. After a brief attempt by the Irish Reform Association to introduce devolution in , the Irish Party subsequently held the balance of power in the House of Commons after the general election.
The last obstacle to achieving Home Rule was removed with the Parliament Act when the House of Lords lost its power to veto legislation and could only delay a bill for two years. Asquith , passing its first reading in the Imperial House of Commons but again defeated in the House of Lords as with the bill of During the following two years in which the bill was delayed, debates in the Commons were largely dominated by questions surrounding Home Rule and Ulster Unionists' determined resistance to it. By the situation had escalated into militancy on both sides, first unionists then nationalists arming and drilling openly, bringing about a Home Rule crisis. Although nationalism dominated Irish politics, social and economic issues were far from absent and came to the fore in the first two decades of the 20th century.
Dublin was a city marked by extremes of poverty and wealth, possessing some of the worst slums anywhere in the British Empire. It also possessed one of the world's biggest "red light districts" known as Monto after its focal point, Montgomery Street, on the north side of the city. Unemployment was high in Ireland and worker's pay and conditions were often very poor.
In response to this, socialist activists such as James Larkin and James Connolly began to organize Trade Unions on syndicalist principles. Belfast saw a bitter strike by dockers organized by Larkin in in which 10, workers went on strike and the police mutinied — a rare instance of non-sectarian mobilization in Ulster. In Dublin, there was an even more vicious dispute — the Dublin Lockout of — in which over 20, workers were fired for belonging to Larkin's Union. Three people died in the rioting that accompanied the lock-out and many more were injured. However, the labor movement was split into nationalist lines. Southern unions formed the Irish Trades Union Congress whereas those in Ulster affiliated themselves to British unions. Mainstream Irish nationalists were deeply opposed to social radicalism but socialist and labor activists found some sympathy among more extreme Irish Republicans.
James Connolly founded the Irish Citizen Army to defend strikers from the police in Since early , Ireland seemed to be on the brink of civil war [14] between rival private armies, the Nationalist and Unionist Volunteer groups, over the proposed introduction of Home Rule for Ireland. In April 30, German rifles with 3,, rounds were landed at Larne , with the authorities blockaded by the UVF see Larne gunrunning. The Curragh Incident showed it would be difficult to use the British army to coerce Ulster into home rule from Dublin. In response, Irish nationalists created the Irish Volunteers , part of which later became the forerunner of the Irish Republican Army IRA — to seek to ensure the passing of Home Rule, arming themselves following the Howth gun-running.
In September , just as the First World War broke out, the UK Parliament finally passed the Government of Ireland Act to establish self-government for Ireland, condemned by the dissident nationalists' All-for-Ireland League party as a " partition deal ". The Act was suspended for the duration of the war, expected to last only a year. In order to ensure the implementation of Home Rule after the war, nationalist leaders and the Irish Parliamentary Party under Redmond supported Ireland's participation with the British war effort and Allied cause under the Triple Entente against the expansion of the Central Powers.
A significant section of the Irish Volunteers bitterly disagreed with the National Volunteers serving with the Irish Divisions. Between 35, and 50, Irishmen in all armies are believed to have died in the War. Each side believed that, after the war, Great Britain would favour their respective goals of remaining fully part of the United Kingdom or becoming a self-governing United Ireland within the union with the United Kingdom. Before the war ended, Britain made two concerted efforts to implement Home Rule, one in May after the Easter Rising and again during —, but during the Irish Convention the Irish sides Nationalist, Unionist were unable to agree on terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions.
However, the combination of postponement of Home Rule and the involvement of Ireland with Great Britain in the war "England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity" as an old Republican saying went provoked some on the radical fringes of Irish nationalism to resort to physical force. Until , the Irish Parliamentary Party, which sought independent self-government for the whole of Ireland through the principles of parliamentary constitutionalism, remained the dominant Irish party.
But from the early 20th century, a radical fringe among Home Rulers became associated with militant republicanism , particularly Irish-American republicanism. It was from the former Irish Volunteer ranks that the Irish Republican Brotherhood organized an armed rebellion in Because of divisions among the Volunteer leadership, only a small part of their numbers was mobilized. Indeed, Eoin MacNeill , the Volunteer commander, countermanded orders to units to begin the insurrection. The Rising was put down after a week's fighting. Initially their acts were widely condemned by nationalists, who had suffered severe losses in the war as their sons fought at Gallipoli during the Landing at Cape Helles , and on the Western Front.
Major newspapers such as the Irish Independent and local authorities openly called for the execution of Pearse and the Rising's leadership. However the government's handling of the aftermath, and the execution of rebels and others in stages, ultimately led to widespread public sympathy for the rebels. Such a system operated under Austria-Hungary , where the same monarch, Emperor Charles I , reigned separately in both Austria and Hungary. Indeed, Griffith in his book, The Resurrection of Hungary , modeled his ideas on the manner in which Hungary had forced Austria to create a dual monarchy linking both states.
Faced with an impending split between its monarchists and Republicans, a compromise was brokered at the Ard Fheis party conference whereby the party would campaign to create a republic, then let the people decide if they wanted a monarchy or republic, subject to the proviso that if they wanted a king, they could not choose someone from Britain's Royal Family. An infuriated public turned against Britain during the Conscription Crisis of They proclaimed an Irish Republic and attempted to establish a unilateral system of government. Both sides engaged in brutal acts; the Black and Tans deliberately burned entire towns and tortured civilians.
The IRA killed many civilians it believed to be aiding or giving information to the British particularly in Munster. Royal Irish Constabulary RIC records later revealed the targeted Protestants unionists to have been non-collaborative and very tight-lipped. The IRA also burned historic stately homes in retaliation for the government policy of destroying the homes of Republicans, suspected or actual. In the background, Britain remained committed to implementing self-government for Ireland in accordance with the temporarily suspended Home Rule Act The British Cabinet drew up a committee to deal with this, the Long Committee. The Act granted separate Home Rule to two new institutions, the northeasternmost six counties of Ulster and the remaining twenty-six counties, both territories within the United Kingdom, which partitioned Ireland accordingly into two semi-autonomous regions: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland , coordinated by a Council of Ireland.
The institutions of Southern Ireland, however, were boycotted by nationalists and so never became functional. In July , a cease-fire was agreed and negotiations between delegations of the Irish and British sides produced the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Under the treaty, southern and western Ireland was to be given a form of dominion status, modeled on the Dominion of Canada. This was more than what was initially offered to Parnell, and somewhat more than had been achieved under the Irish Parliamentary Party's constitutional 'step by step' towards full freedom approach. Northern Ireland was given the right, immediately availed of, to opt out of the new Irish Free State , and an Irish Boundary Commission was to be established to work out the final details of the border.
In December the three governments agreed to keep the existing border, and in return, the Irish Free State's treaty liability to pay its share of the UK public debt was ended. Under the leadership of Michael Collins and W. The civil war cost more lives than the Anglo-Irish War that preceded it and left divisions that are still felt strongly in Irish politics today. An Gorta Mor Quinnipiac University. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Part of a series on the. Prehistory Protohistory — — — — — — Timeline of Irish history.
Peoples and polities. Main articles: Acts of Union and Catholic Emancipation. Main article: Great Famine Ireland. Main article: Young Irelander Rebellion of Main article: Land War. Main article: Conradh na Gaeilge. Main article: Easter Rising. Main article: Irish War of Independence. Main article: Irish Civil War. Britannica Online. The report says teachers have identified serious deficits in the system, in particular a lack of language learning materials related to different curriculum subjects.
Migrants now make up 7 per cent of primary school students and 5 per cent of post-primary students. The number of English language support teachers in schools has fallen this year to 1,, down from a peak of 2, in The report says migrant children experience racism and bullying across all age ranges in schools. They may have greater difficulty learning new languages and accents. They have fewer friends because of having missed primary school. Prof Robbie Gilligan, of the school of social work and social policy at TCD, said there was a need for the authorities to promote a new approach to language in the curriculum.
This would benefit students from marginalised communities, who also experience problems understanding academic language, as well as new migrants. A research project under way on the criminal justice system has also identified major problems with the workings of the District Court in relation to its treatment of migrants and people from marginalised communities. The report draws on a series of long-term surveys of immigrants, schools and migrant network projects.
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