Describe The Importance Of Potassium Levels In The Body
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The importance of potassium to our body
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Some malignancies may also result in hypercalcemia. Phosphate is found in phospholipids, such as those that make up the cell membrane, and in ATP, nucleotides, and buffers. Hypophosphatemia , or abnormally low phosphate blood levels, occurs with heavy use of antacids, during alcohol withdrawal, and during malnourishment. In the face of phosphate depletion, the kidneys usually conserve phosphate, but during starvation, this conservation is impaired greatly. Hyperphosphatemia , or abnormally increased levels of phosphates in the blood, occurs if there is decreased renal function or in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Additionally, because phosphate is a major constituent of the ICF, any significant destruction of cells can result in dumping of phosphate into the ECF. Sodium is reabsorbed from the renal filtrate, and potassium is excreted into the filtrate in the renal collecting tubule. The control of this exchange is governed principally by two hormones—aldosterone and angiotensin II.
Recall that aldosterone increases the excretion of potassium and the reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule. Aldosterone is released if blood levels of potassium increase, if blood levels of sodium severely decrease, or if blood pressure decreases. Its net effect is to conserve and increase water levels in the plasma by reducing the excretion of sodium, and thus water, from the kidneys. In a negative feedback loop, increased osmolality of the ECF which follows aldosterone-stimulated sodium absorption inhibits the release of the hormone [link]. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic blood pressure. Angiotensin II also signals an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
In the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, aldosterone stimulates the synthesis and activation of the sodium-potassium pump [link]. Sodium passes from the filtrate, into and through the cells of the tubules and ducts, into the ECF and then into capillaries. Water follows the sodium due to osmosis. Thus, aldosterone causes an increase in blood sodium levels and blood volume. Calcium and phosphate are both regulated through the actions of three hormones: parathyroid hormone PTH , dihydroxyvitamin D calcitriol , and calcitonin. All three are released or synthesized in response to the blood levels of calcium. PTH is released from the parathyroid gland in response to a decrease in the concentration of blood calcium. The hormone activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release inorganic calcium-phosphate salts.
PTH also increases the gastrointestinal absorption of dietary calcium by converting vitamin D into dihydroxyvitamin D calcitriol , an active form of vitamin D that intestinal epithelial cells require to absorb calcium. PTH raises blood calcium levels by inhibiting the loss of calcium through the kidneys. PTH also increases the loss of phosphate through the kidneys. Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to elevated blood levels of calcium.
The hormone increases the activity of osteoblasts, which remove calcium from the blood and incorporate calcium into the bony matrix. Electrolytes serve various purposes, such as helping to conduct electrical impulses along cell membranes in neurons and muscles, stabilizing enzyme structures, and releasing hormones from endocrine glands. The ions in plasma also contribute to the osmotic balance that controls the movement of water between cells and their environment. Imbalances of these ions can result in various problems in the body, and their concentrations are tightly regulated.
Aldosterone and angiotensin II control the exchange of sodium and potassium between the renal filtrate and the renal collecting tubule. Calcium and phosphate are regulated by PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin. Drinking seawater dehydrates the body as the body must pass sodium through the kidneys, and water follows. Explain how the CO 2 generated by cells and exhaled in the lungs is carried as bicarbonate in the blood. Very little of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried dissolved in the plasma. It is transformed into carbonic acid and then into bicarbonate in order to mix in plasma for transportation to the lungs, where it reverts back to its gaseous form.
How can one have an imbalance in a substance, but not actually have elevated or deficient levels of that substance in the body? Without having an absolute excess or deficiency of a substance, one can have too much or too little of that substance in a given compartment. This may be due to the loss of water in the blood, leading to a hemoconcentration or dilution of the ion in tissues due to edema. By the end of this section, you will be able to: List the role of the six most important electrolytes in the body Name the disorders associated with abnormally high and low levels of the six electrolytes Identify the predominant extracellular anion Describe the role of aldosterone on the level of water in the body.
High blood pressure affects one in three people. They are a risk factor for heart disease and, unfortunately, they are the most common cause of death worldwide. High sodium levels can raise it even higher, especially for those who already have high blood pressure. In an analysis of 33 studies with people with high blood pressure, their potassium levels were increased, and large blood pressure decreased by 3. In another study conducted with participants aged , it was observed that the individuals who consumed the most potassium had their blood pressure lower than those who ate the least.
The highest blood pressure was 6 mmHg lower, while the small blood pressure was 4 mmHg lower. Osteoporosis is a discomfort that manifests itself with bone lightening and porosity. It is generally associated with low levels of calcium, an important mineral for bone health. Interestingly, studies show that eating a potassium-rich diet can help prevent bone resorption by reducing the amount of calcium the body beats with urine. In a study with 62 healthy women between the ages of 45 and 55, the group consuming the most potassium had the highest bone mass. In another study conducted with healthy pre-menopausal women, more bone mass was observed in the waist and hip bones of the group that scientists consumed the most potassium.
Potassium is of great importance for recovery in unwanted mental situations, such as anxiety or stress. Since anxiety and stress will be very harmful for the general health of your body, it is thought that it is important for people suffering from chronic stress to get enough potassium daily. Kidney stones are substances lumps that can form in concentrated urine. Calcium is a common mineral in kidney stones, and various studies have shown that potassium citrate can reduce calcium levels in the urine. In this way, potassium can help fight kidney stones. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Share Tweet. Article Contents. Benefits and Uses. Foods to Help Reduce Cancer Risk. You may also like. The acid-base status of the blood drives bicarbonate levels.
The kidneys predominantly regulate bicarbonate concentration and are responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance. Kidneys reabsorb the filtered bicarbonate and also generate new bicarbonate by net acid excretion, which occurs by excretion of both titrable acid and ammonia. Diarrhea usually results in loss of bicarbonate, thus causing an imbalance in acid-base regulation. Magnesium is an intracellular cation. Magnesium is mainly involved in ATP metabolism, contraction and relaxation of muscles, proper neurological functioning, and neurotransmitter release.
When muscle contracts, calcium re-uptake by the calcium-activated ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is brought about by magnesium. Hypomagnesemia occurs when the serum magnesium levels are less under 1. It can present with alcohol use disorder and gastrointestinal and renal losses—ventricular arrhythmias, which include torsades de pointes seen in hypomagnesemia. Chloride is an anion found predominantly in the extracellular fluid. The kidneys predominantly regulate serum chloride levels. Most of the chloride, which is filtered by the glomerulus, is reabsorbed by both proximal and distal tubules majorly by proximal tubule by both active and passive transport.
Hyperchloremia can occur due to gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss. Hypochloremia presents in gastrointestinal losses like vomiting or excess water gain like congestive heart failure. Phosphorus is an extracellular fluid cation. Phosphate plays a crucial role in metabolic pathways. It is a component of many metabolic intermediates and, most importantly of adenosine triphosphate ATPs and nucleotides. The kidneys are the primary avenue of phosphorus excretion. Phosphorus imbalance may result due to three processes: dietary intake, gastrointestinal disorders, and excretion by the kidneys.
Excerpt Electrolytes are essential for basic life functioning, such as maintaining electrical neutrality in cells, generating and conducting action potentials in the nerves and muscles. Sodium Sodium, which is an osmotically active cation, is one of the most important electrolytes in the extracellular fluid. Potassium Potassium is mainly an intracellular ion.
