Case Study: Patrick Staehler Business Model
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Therefore, this continuous economic cycle leads to growth in the economy which is usually measured by the gross domestic product GDP. Investors and investment managers make investment decisions. Investors and financial specialists ordinarily perform investment analysis using fundamental analysis, technical analysis and judgment Jagongo and Mutswenje, In theories related to conventional financial hypotheses, are thought to be judicious to maximizing their wealth, by following basic financial rules and basing their investment strategies solely on risk-return rationalizations.
From the macro perspective in regular business cycle they account for the majority of volatility in the Gross Domestic Product Dynamics but also their magnitude serves as a significant leading indicator of the economic performance. From micro perspective, they are crucial for the growth of individual companies, increasing their efficiency by reducing unit costs. One of the main objectives of government has been the stabilization of macroeconomic condition in order to enhance investment and growth of the economy. Unfortunately, the prospects of rapid economic growth have not been realized as the investment climate continued to be unfavourable.
A number of constraints continued to prevent the realization of this objective. Notable among these are: exchange rate volatility, paucity of investment capital, inadequate access to medium and long-term finance, inflationary pressure, poor infrastructure, debt overhang and debt services burden, inadequate fiscal and monetary incentives, and poor investment climate Nnanna, Englama and Odoko, The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of the Nigerian investment environment on the economic growth and development of the country. The specific objectives of the study include the following;. This study is organised into five sections — introduction; literature review; methodology; results and discussion and conclusion and recommendation. Literature on business climates and their importance in promoting economic growth and development abounds.
Investment climate is about the environment in which firms and entrepreneurs of all types - from farmers and micro-enterprises to local manufacturing concerns and multinationals - have opportunities and incentives to invest productively, create jobs and expand The World Bank, It consists of location specific factors that shape the enabling environment for firms to invest productively and grow Smith and Hallward - Driemeier, Foreign direct investments consist of external resources, including technology, managerial and marketing expertise and capital. Caves considers that the efforts made by various countries in attracting foreign direct investments are due to the potential positive effects that this would have on economy.
FDI would increase productivity, technology transfer, managerial skills, knowhow, international production networks, reduce unemployment, and access to external markets Acha and Akpanuko, Borensztein, Gregorio and Lee support these ideas, considering FDI as ways of achieving technology spillovers, with greater contribution to the economic growth than would have national investments. The importance of technology transfer is highlighted also by Findlay who believes that FDI leads to a spillover of advanced technologies to local firms Findlay, The World Bank report of enterprises in 26 states of Nigeria on environmental issues affecting their businesses produced the following results:. Also, laborers that get training gain up to a quarter more than non-prepared workers.
Female entrepreneurs require credit more than men, yet they are less likely to apply for it and less likely to obtain such a needed loan. Indigenous firms that apply for bank credits are almost three times as likely to be dismissed as firms in Brazil and Kenya. Be that as it may, a woman looking for a job in Nigeria is three times more likely to find it in male-owned firms than in a female-owned firm. Stakeholders from both the public and private sectors have roles in the establishment and maintenance of a business climate that is conducive to investment and enterprise development. These stakeholders include government agencies, financial institutions, civil society representatives, and private sector entities and organizations FAO, Kumar , described FDI in several ways, first and most likely it may involve parent enterprise injecting equity capital by purchasing shares in foreign affiliates.
FDI is likely if the net benefits of own foreign production, integrated along global value and supply chains, exceed those of inter-firm agreements UNIDO b. The U. Steady loss of value by the local currency, for instance, between and the Naira declined from to to the dollar. This, it noted, depresses the profits of traders and manufacturers who pay for imports in dollars and earn revenue in Naira. This led to a budget deficit which the government is addressing through decreased expenditure, enhanced tax collection, and approaching some international financial institutions for credit. Politics: The presidential and gubernatorial elections, though postponed by six weeks, took place on March 28 and April 11, The huge cost of the elections and the uncertainty it bred had debilitating consequences for the Nigerian economy and investment environment.
The Ebola crisis of and Boko Haram insurgency also compounded the challenges of the investment environment. The problems in the Nigerian power sector remain a significant bottleneck to broad-based economic development. With production which is around 4, megawatts of power, Nigeria is ranked among the worst countries in the world in power generation per capita and in electricity access, and this forces the vast majority of businesses to generate at least some of their own electricity. The World Bank presently positions Nigeria on th place out of countries for its simplicity in obtaining electricity for businesses.
Department of Justice decisions that included record fines for a U. From that point forward, the SEC has charged four other international companies with bribing Nigerian government authorities to acquire contracts, permits, and resolve customs disputes. Owing to high rates of violent crime, kidnappings for ransom, and terrorism in Nigeria, investors consider security a precondition for their entry. Maritime criminality in Nigerian waters, including incidents of piracy and crew kidnap for ransom, has increased in recent years and law enforcement efforts have been limited or ineffectual.
Onshore, international inspectors have voiced concerns over the adequacy of security measures at some Nigerian port facilities. Freedom of expression and of the press remains broadly observed, with the media often engaging in open, lively discussions of challenges facing Nigeria. Some journalists, however, occasionally practice self-censorship on sensitive issues. This section considers empirical works done in the area of investment, investment environment and growth in Nigeria and other jurisdictions. Uwazie, Igwemma and Eze investigated the nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria. The study employed vector error correction model method of causality to analyze the annual data for the periods of to The Augmented Dickey-Fuller ADF unit root test showed presence of unit root at level but stationary after first difference.
The Johansen cointegration test confirmed that the variables are cointegrated while the granger causality test affirmed that foreign direct investment and economic growth reinforce each other in the short run in Nigeria. Also, it was reported that foreign direct investment granger cause economic growth both in the short and long run in Nigeria. It also suggests the introduction of selective openness to allow only the inflow of FDI that have the capacity to spillover to the economy. These will attract FDI and boost economic growth in Nigeria. Obida and Abu investigated the determinants of foreign direct investment in Nigeria. The error correction technique was employed to analyze the relationship between foreign direct investment and its determinants.
The results revealed that the market size of the host country, deregulation, political instability, and exchange rate depreciation are the main determinants of foreign direct investment in Nigeria. Osuji investigated the relationship between foreign direct investment FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. Bounds testing approach and Autoregressive Distributed Lags ARDL model were used in model estimation for the period covering Results overwhelmingly show evidence that a long run relationship exists between FDI and economic growth. In the short run, FDI has a small positive but insignificant effect on growth while in the long run, it has a small negative and insignificant effect.
Based on its findings, the study called for a review of the national policy on education to emphasize practical vocational and entrepreneurial skills in order to enhance the productivity of human resources. It also recommended that economic policy should be used as a tool to diversify FDI away from the oil sector to the agricultural and manufacturing sectors where there is high potential for job creation and where growth would more easily translate to development.
Okeke, Ezeabasili and Nwakoby n. Cointegration test showed that there is a long run relationship between the variables in the study. Econometric evidence further showed that FDI has positive relationship with economic growth in Nigeria. The cointegration results showed at least one cointegrating equation in the export function. The Granger — causality results suggested unidirectional causality running from i foreign direct investment to export; ii real exchange rate to export; iii trade balance to export and bidirectional causality from external market indicator to export.
The study suggested that more policies should be channeled towards improving export oriented foreign direct investment and at the same time, efforts should be geared towards improving basic infrastructure which will not only lower production costs but improve upon the competitiveness of the economy which will invariably attract more foreign direct investment into the economy. Sushi or Fish Fingers? Scandinavian Journal of Economics. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination. Empirical Economics.
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