Maria Mitchell Research Paper

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Maria Mitchell

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Collection and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid CSF give information about the type and stage of degene Authors: Mohammed A. Abdelhakiem and Hussein Awad Hussein. Wenzhou virus WENV , a newly discovered mammarenavirus in rodents, is associated with fever and respiratory symptoms in humans. This study was aimed to detect and characterize the emerging virus in rodents in Published on: 8 September Lumpy Skin Disease LSD is an infectious disease induced by the Capripoxvirus, causing epidemics in Turkey and several countries worldwide and inducing significant economic losses. Although this disease occur Published on: 7 September Avoidance of unnecessary antimicrobial administration is a key tenet of antimicrobial stewardship; knowing the optimal duration of therapy obviates over-treatment.

However, little research has been performed t Authors: Fergus Allerton, Koen B. Content type: Study Protocol. Published on: 6 September Authors: Darien Kheder Ali Mohamed. Content type: Correction. Authors: Camille A. McAloney, Kevin A. Silverstein, Jaime F. Modiano and Anindya Bagchi. Canine elbow dysplasia CED is a complex developmental skeletal disorder associated with a number of pathological conditions within the cubital joint. Because CED is a heritable disease, it is important to id Authors: Mateusz Hebel, Wojciech K. Panek, Jakub J. Pituch, Aaron M.

Furosemide, a diuretic that acts on the loop of Henle, is commonly used to treat congestive heart failure in veterinary medicine. Some owners have difficulty in administering oral tablet medication to animal p Worldwide, veterinary practitioners and students are reported to be at higher risk of suicide, burnout, and depression compared to other occupational groups.

The aim of the current study was to apply text mini Published on: 4 September Specific studies on the epidemiology of necrotic enteritis in turkeys are absent in the literature. Necrotic enteritis is common in turkeys and a leading cause of use of therapeutic antibiotics. This study des Septic arthritis often occurs in young calves when the passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulins has failed, which results in hypogammaglobulinaemia in the calf. Another important cause is suboptimal herd h Authors: Alexandra Jost and Marlene Sickinger.

Published on: 3 September Shelters and similar facilities with a high concentration and fluctuation of animals often have problems with various infections, which are usually difficult to solve in such environments and are very expensiv Published on: 1 September UTP-glucosephosphoryl transferase UGPase catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-glucose, which is essential for generating the glycogen needed for the synthesis of bacterial lipopolysaccharide LPS and capsular Published on: 30 August Lifestyle factors such as hair length, the frequency of ear cleaning and bathing, age, cat rearing, and sex may contribute to opportunistic yeast infections in the external ear canal of cats.

This study aimed Published on: 28 August Lactating dairy cows are the greatest livestock contributor of methane, a major global greenhouse gas GHG. However, good feeding management with adequate mineral intake can offers an effective approach to ma A rapid, sensitive and specific method Content type: Methodology article. Published on: 25 August Recent advances in laparoscopy both in human and veterinary medicine have looked at means of being less invasive by using single-port access surgery as opposed to multiport access surgery. The glove port has g Amer, Rasha R. Beheiry, Doaa M. Abdel Fattah, Elshimaa M. Roushdy, Fardos A. Zaitoun, Azza M. Abo-Elmaaty and Abdallah E. The present study explored the viability of bovine milk macrophages, their intracellular production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species RONS , and their phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus , as well as the Silva, Marina T.

Souza, Maiara G. Blagitz, Fernando N. Souza, Camila F. Batista, Alexandre J. Alves, Artur C. Fernandes, Eduardo M. Sanchez, Carla M. Della Libera. The oviduct of a hen provides a conducive environment for egg formation, which needs a large amount of mineral elements from the blood via trans-epithelial permeability. Eggshell is the calcified layer on the Authors: A. Muhammad, A. Dalia, T. Loh, H. Akit and A. Published on: 21 August The tradition of unheated milk consumption and handling of aborted ma Authors: Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle, Aamir M. Osman, Mohamed A. Shair, Omar M. Abdi, Abdulkarim A. Yusuf, Abdalla M. Ibrahim and Rafael F.

Published on: 19 August Abattoir data are under-used for surveillance. Nationwide surveillance could benefit from using data on meat inspection findings, but several limitations need to be overcome. At the producer level, interpretat Authors: S. Buzdugan, P. Alarcon, B. Huntington, J. Rushton, D. Blake and J. Published on: 18 August Enterovirus G EV-G causes subclinical infections and is occasionally associated with diarrhea in pigs. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of EV-G in pigs from 73 pig farms in 20 provinces o Published on: 16 August Nucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer core like beads on a string so that DNA can be condensed as chromatin into chromosomes.

Diseases such as cancer or inflammation lead to cell death wh Myrislignan is a natural product from Myristica sp. Recently, the anti- Toxoplasma gondii T. Speed 68 days to first decision for reviewed manuscripts only 59 days to first decision for all manuscripts days from submission to acceptance 14 days from acceptance to publication. Citation Impact 2. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search.

Comparison of the accumulation of macro- and microelements in the bone marrow and bone of wild and farmed red deer Cervus elaphus The cells of the entire body, including the skeletal system, especially of young animals, may derive from the bone marrow in which they multiply. The current situation of Angiostrongylus vasorum in Romania: a national questionnaire-based survey Angiostrongylus vasorum Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea is a vascular nematode that resides in the pulmonary arteries and the right side of the heart of a wide variety of carnivores, with an indirect life cycle usi A cross-sectional retrospective study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in domestic cats, dogs and rabbits in Poland Coronaviruses CoVs have long been known to cause infection in domestic and free-living birds and mammals including humans.

Whole-genome sequencing reveals high genetic diversity of Streptococcus uberis isolated from cows with mastitis Bovine mastitis is an important cause of economic loss in dairy farms. Long-term follow-up of portal vein thrombosis in an American Cocker Spaniel with lobular dissecting hepatitis: a case report Lobular dissecting hepatitis LDH is a rare form of canine liver cirrhosis that may be accompanied by portal hypertension in American Cocker Spaniels.

Over the past decade, researchers in various countries have been comparing how much readers comprehend and remember when they read in each medium. In nearly all cases, there was essentially no difference between the testing scenarios. However, such findings need to be taken with a grain of salt. These studies have typically focused on captive research subjects, mostly college students who commonly are paid to participate in an experiment or who participate to fill a course requirement. Ask them to read passages and then answer SAT-style comprehension questions, and they tend to do so reasonably carefully, whether they read on a screen or on paper.

But the devil may lie in the details. When researchers have altered the testing conditions or the types of questions they ask, discrepancies have appeared, suggesting that the medium does in fact matter. For example, Ackerman and Goldsmith observed that when participants could choose how much time to spend on digital versus print reading, they devoted less to reading onscreen and had lower comprehension scores.

Schugar and colleagues found that participants reported using fewer study strategies such as highlighting, note-taking, or bookmarking when reading digitally. Kaufman and Flanagan noted that when reading in print, study participants did better answering abstract questions that required inferential reasoning; by contrast, participants scored better reading digitally when answering concrete questions. What about research with younger children? Schugar and Schugar found that middle grades students comprehended more when reading print than when using e-books on an iPad Paul, — interactive features of the digital platform apparently distracted readers from the textual content. Working with high school students in Norway, Anne Mangen and her colleagues concluded that print yielded better comprehension scores.

Mangen argues that print makes it easier for students to create cognitive maps of the entire passage they are reading. For educators, though, the real question is not how students perform in experiments. More important is what they do when reading on their own: Do they take as much time reading in both media? Do they read as carefully? In short, in their everyday lives, how much and what sort of attention do they pay to what they are reading? History is strewn with examples of people worrying that new technologies will undermine older skills.

Digital media have as well. These new tools make it possible for millions of people to have access to texts that would otherwise be beyond their reach, financially or physically. Computer-driven devices enable us to expand our scope of educational and recreational experience to include audio and visual materials, often on demand. Writing is a vital cultural tool, but there is little doubt it discourages memory skills. When we think about the educational implications of digital reading, we need to study the issue with open minds, not make presuppositions about advantages and disadvantages.

To help forward this exploration, my own research has been tackling three intertwined questions about reading in a digital age. First, what do readers tell us directly about their print versus digital reading habits? Second, what else do readers reveal about their attitudes toward reading in print versus onscreen, and what can we infer about how well they pay attention when reading in each medium?

The third question is more broad-stroked: In the current technological climate, are we changing the very notion of what it means to read? Students are more likely to multitask when reading onscreen than in print — especially in the U. Baron, and continuing with surveys between and of more than university students from the U. Participants were enrolled in classes taught by colleagues, or they were classmates of one of my research assistants. Everyone was between age 18 and 26 mean age: About two-thirds were female and one-third male. Though my study participants were university students, I suspect that most issues at play are relevant for younger readers who have mastered the skills we would expect of middle-school students and above.

Use of digital technologies is now ubiquitous among both adolescents and young adults, and teachers at all levels are increasingly assigning e-books or online articles rather than print. In the next set, we asked what students liked most — and least — about reading in each medium. Finally, we gave participants the opportunity to offer additional comments. Here are the main takeaways of what students in the study reported in the first set of questions about their reading habits:.

Overall, participants reported spending about two-thirds of their time reading in print, both for schoolwork and pleasure. There was consider-able variation across countries, with the Japanese doing the most reading onscreen. In considering these numbers, especially for academic reading, we need to keep in mind that sometimes reading assignments are only available in one medium or the other, so students are not making independent choices. More than four-fifths of the participants said that if cost were the same, they would choose to read in print rather than onscreen. Students and for that matter, K school systems often cite cost as the reason for selecting digital rather than print textbooks.

Not everyone in the study reread — either for schoolwork or for pleasure. Among those who did, six out of ten indicated they were more likely to reread print. Fewer than two out of ten choose digital, while the rest said both media were equally likely. Rereading is relevant to the issue of attention since a second reading offers opportunities for review or reflection. When the amount of text is short, participants displayed mixed preferences, both when reading academic works or for pleasure. Preference for reading longer works in print has been reported in multiple studies.

Students reported being more likely to multitask when reading onscreen than in print. Responses from the U. The detrimental cognitive effects of multitasking are well known e. The most dramatic finding for this set of questions came in response to the query about the platform on which students felt they concentrated best. Students provided open-ended comments to the second set of questions, which asked what they liked most and least about reading in print and onscreen. In these responses, students praised the physicality of print but grumbled that it was not easily searchable.

They complained that reading onscreen gave them eyestrain but enjoyed its convenience. They also had telling things to say about the cognitive consequences of reading in hardcopy versus onscreen. Nearly all these comments talked about perceived distraction or lack of concentration. In their additional comments the last question category , study participants wrote about how long it takes to read the same length text on the two platforms. Unexpectedly, several students said reading in print was boring. Diminished interest sometimes translates into skimming rather than reading carefully and sometimes not doing the assigned reading at all.

The biggest challenge to reading attentively on digital platforms is that we largely use digital devices for quick action: Look up an address, send a Facebook status update, grab the news headlines but not the meat of the article , multitask between online shopping and writing an essay. When we go to read something substantive on a laptop or e-reader, tablet, or mobile phone, our now-habitualized instincts tell us to move things along. Coupled with this mindset is an evolving sense that writing is for the here-and-now, not the long haul. Since written communication first emerged in different places, under different circumstances, at different times , one of its consistent attributes has been that it is a durable form of communication that one we can reread or refer to.

Today, a nexus of forces is making writing seem more ephemeral. A recent Pew Research Center study of news-reading habits Mitchell et al. While some of us save print news clippings, few archive their online versions. Vast numbers of students choose to rent textbooks whether digitally or in print , which means the book is out of sight and not available for future consultation after the semester ends. If cost is removed from the equation, digital millennials commonly prefer print. What about public or school libraries? Increasingly, budgets are being shifted from print to digital materials.

The three primary motivations are space, cost, and convenience. Digital is commonly less expensive. And users can access the collection any time of day and anywhere in the world with only an internet connection. All true. But there are consequences. Had I held the physical book in my hand, it might have taken longer to find the reference, but I probably would have read entire paragraphs or chapters. Microsoft researcher Abigail Sellen has made a related observation.

Savvy students are aware of how the computer FIND function lets them zero in on a specific word or phrase so as to answer a question they have been asked to write about, blithely dismissing the obligation to actually read the full assigned text. Using, not reading. The more we swap physical books for digital ones, the easier it is for students to swoop down and cherry-pick rather than work their way through an argument or story. Finally, contemporary digital technology is altering the role of reading in education. Film strips of old have been replaced by far more engaging and educationally enriching TED Talks and YouTubes, podcasts and audio books.

The potential of these digital media is extraordinary, both because of their educational richness and the democratic access they provide. Yet at the same time, we should be figuring out the right curricular balance of video, audio, and textual materials. Students are acutely aware of the cognitive tradeoffs that many perceive themselves to be making when reading on one platform rather than the other.

The issue is not that digital reading necessarily leads us to pay less attention. Rather, it is that digital technologies make it easy and in a sense encourage us to approach text with a different mindset than the one most of us have been trained to use while reading print. Moreover, if print is increasingly seen as boring compared with digital text , will our attention spans while reading print generally diminish? To be fair, even academics seem to be taking less time per scholarly article, particularly online articles, than they used to Tenopir et al. The issue of sustained attention extends beyond reading onscreen to other digital media. Returning to the physical properties of print: If fewer young adults are building their own book collections and if libraries are increasingly going digital, will writing no longer be seen as a durable medium?

Yes, we could always look up something again on a digital device, but do we? If audio and video are gradually supplanting text as sources of education and personal enrichment, how should we think about the future role of text as a vehicle of cultural dissemination? Digital technology is still in its relative infancy. We know it can be an incredibly useful educational tool, but we need much more research before we can draw firm conclusions about its positive and negative features.

In the case of reading, our first task is to make ourselves aware of the effect technology potentially has on how we wrap our minds around the written word when encountered in print versus onscreen. Our second task is to embed that understanding in our larger thinking about the role of writing as a means of communicating and thinking. Ackerman, R. Metacognitive regulation of text learning: On screen versus on paper.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17 1 , Baron, N. Redefining reading: The impact of digital communication media. PMLA , 1 , Words onscreen: The fate of reading in a digital world. New York, NY: Oxford. The persistence of print among university students: An exploratory study. Carrier, L. Causes, effects, and practicalities of everyday multitasking. Developmental Review, 35,