Effective Empathy Assessment Index (EAI)

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One way Personal Essay: My Mothers Influence On My Life Ap Psychology Quiz insight into the Starbucks Swot Analysis 2014 mechanisms underpinning ASD and schizophrenia is Effective Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) testing autistic-like and schizotypal traits in World War 1 Poetry Analysis typical population. Remove My Favorite Gamertag. Second, How The Three Witches Influence Macbeth result may Predict Seizures In Dogs a basic sex difference in the systems Ap Psychology Quiz underpin performance on the Effective Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) imitation task. A Swedish adaptation MLK: The Trickster Hero the Emotional Contagion Scale: factor structure and psychometric properties. Secondly, although this study controlled for some socio-demographic and environmental factors, there was no data collected Ap Psychology Quiz varying factors that could contribute to STS and burnout directly or indirectly such as Growing Up Rhetorical Analysis support from management or leadership style, workload, collegial support, or coping factors. It has been proposed that healthy Lyn Crowan Psychopath show the same Effective Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) as those diagnosed with the disorder, but Samurai And Knights Similarities a lesser extent [ 45 ]. The items version had satisfactory reliabilities alphas of 0. Online Study

First, stable trait personality predictors were evaluated. Two further personality measures, narcissism and empathy, were evaluated in a subsample of 57 participants. In two separate models, narcissism model 3 and empathy model 4 were added to the base model. Second, subclinical predictors, including autistic-like and schizotypal traits, were evaluated in our larger sample models 5 and 6. As a consequence, it is likely that a sample of 57 may only be large enough to detect the influence of mean RT and not sex, whereas the sample of was large enough to detect both effects.

Having established that sex differences emerged on certain trait varibales within our sample, we tested whether the relationship between sex and trait predicted performance on the automatic imitation task more than sex or trait variables alone. For those traits that showed significant, or marginally significant sex differences, additional multiple regression models were run to assess the predictive ability of interactions between sex and each trait on the congruency effect. Models 2—6 were also run not including the base model.

The regression approach above is an effective means for testing the effects of trait variables on automatic imitation. However, we also performed group analyses, comparing the congruency effects for the highest and lowest scorers on different stable traits. Group analyses rule out the possibility that, in our regression analyses, differences at the extremes might be washed out by variability in the middle. In addition, group analyses are consistent with the analytical approach taken in prior work and therefore make it easier to compare our results with prior studies that have not used multiple regression analyses.

Except for sex, which was coded categorically, for each variable of interest, congruency effects for the 20 participants who scored the highest and the 20 who scored the lowest were calculated and compared. We investaged factors within the base model first. The high RT group showed a larger congruency effect than the low RT group. The results from this group analysis is therefore in agreement with the larger regression analysis. Next we ran similar high-low group analyses for personality measures. First, to ensure that the high and low groups scored differently on the relevant personality characteristic, independent-samples t-tests were run.

Next, we ran the high-low group comparisons on congruency effects. Due to the smaller sample size for the narcissism and empathy measures, we also compared the top 10 to the bottom 10 scorers, and found the same pattern of results as with groups of Little is currently known about the relationship between automatic imitation and stable components of personality. The present study fails to support the view that inter-individual differences in stable personality and subclinical characteristics predict the extent to which individuals automatically imitate others.

These findings suggest that automatic imitation is more resistant to variance in stable inter-individual differences than previously suggested [ 11 , 12 , 25 ]. Moreover, these data are consistent with the view that the MNS is relatively intact in ASD and schizophrenia and other mechanisms may be repsonsible for the imitative difficulties reported in these disorders [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Implications for understanding the antecedents and cognitive basis of automatic imitation are discussed below.

Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that trait personality constructs of narcissism, empathy, extraversion and agreeableness did not predict the extent to which participants automatically imitate. The lack of relationship between narcissism and automatic imitation is contrary to previous research [ 12 , 25 ]. Given recent failures to replicate landmark results in psychology [ 29 , 30 ], such conflicting results warrant close scrutiny.

Indeed, it is important to note similarities and differences between this and prior work. In terms of similarities to prior work [ 12 , 25 ], we used the same automatic imitation task, the identical short-form measure of narcissism NPI; [ 50 ] , and participants were comparable in age and predominantly female. Furthermore, to allow direct comparison with prior research we replicated the analytical approach used [ 12 ]. In comparison to these prior studies, the current work tested a larger sample 2—3 times larger and used an additional analytical approach multiple regression that could control for potentially confounding variables [ 26 — 28 , 31 , 57 ].

In this case, values of 0. Using the same analytical approach as used previously [ 12 ], which compared those who report high and low levels of narcissism, we show no differences in imitation performance between these groups. As such, we fail to replicate Obhi and colleagues finding in a sample that is 2—3 times larger. Furthermore, using multiple regression we are able to control for additional and potentially confounding variables. In the current study, regression analyses demonstrate a clear relationship between the congruency effect and mean RT, which has a large effect size [ 56 ].

We do not, however, show a relationship between narcissism and the congruency effect. Even if we only regress narcissism and congruency effect, we show no relationship between these variables. As a consequence, it is likely that at least part, if not all, of the previously reported relationship between congruency effect and narcissism, could be explained by differences in mean RT. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the relationship between narcissism and automatic imitation is weaker than the initial evidence suggested.

Further research that tests larger samples and controls for potentially confounding variables is required to further delineate the relationship between automatic imitation and narcissism. Prior research has also demonstrated a link between empathy and automatic imitation by measuring copying behaviours during a live interaction between two people [ 11 ]. By contrast, we did not find any influence of empathy using a computer-based RT measure of automatic imitation. Therefore, the results of the current study suggest that the influence of empathic predispositions on automatic imitation is less universal than initially conceived. Indeed, contextual factors that are integral to live human interactions, such as emotion, may be needed to reveal relationships between empathy and automatic imitation.

For example, research has shown greater automatic imitation of facial expressions by individuals who are more empathic than by those who are less empathic [ 58 , 59 ]. By contrast, in socially impoverished contexts, such as computer-based tasks, individual differences in empathy may have a reduced impact on automatic imitation. As such, future research should focus on identifying potential moderating variables in social cognition [ 60 ], such as emotion, as well as comparing different measures of automatic imitation, as it may help further delineate underlying mechanisms.

Automatic imitation has been shown to be sensitive to temporary social dynamics between interaction partners [ 2 , 13 ]. For example, priming of a prosocial state increases imitative tendencies in computer-based RT paradigms [ 32 — 35 ]. In the current study, we find no evidence that stable traits of extraversion and agreeableness, which are associated with prosocial tendencies [ 36 — 38 ], predict the tendency to imitate others. Automatic imitation may, therefore, be more sensitive to changes in temporary social dynamics than stable trait-based characteristics. Overall, when using a computer-based task and measuring trait levels of narcissism, empathy, extraversion, and agreeableness, we do not support the view that mechanisms underpinning automatic imitation, such as the MNS, systematically vary as a function of stable predispositions to be interested in others or behave in a prosocial manner.

However, further research could examine potential relationships between automatic imitation and other stable trait characteristics, which were not measured here. The current study also investigated possible links between automatic imitation and subclinical traits in the typical population. Despite the proposal that autistic-like and schizotypal traits exist on a continuum from subclinical to clinical manifestations [ 45 ] and contrary to suggestions that a dysfunctional MNS underpins atypical imitation in ASD and schizophrenia [ 9 , 10 , 61 ], we found no evidence for a relationship between autistic-like or schizotypal traits and automatic imitation. When we did not control for third variables, schizotypal traits negatively predicted the congruency effect.

This relationship, however, was not observed when mean RT and sex were controlled for. These results highlight the methodological importance of controlling for extraneous variables whenever possible [ 26 — 28 , 31 , 57 ]. In short, these data are not consistent with the idea that imitation deficits in autism or schizophrenia are due to a dysfunctional MNS. Two aspects of this result warrant further discussion. First, prior studies that have shown imitation deficits in ASD and schizophrenia have studied intentional rather than automatic imitation [ 10 , 40 , 42 , 62 ].

Conversely, in the current task, we measured an RT index of automatic imitation. These different forms of imitation—intentional vs. As such, our results do not point towards problems in the automatic system in these disorders, but leave open the possibility that some difficulties may arise from systems underpinning intentional imitation. Second, the present results are consistent with the view that basic matching processes between vision and action may be intact in ASD and schizophrenia but other processes, such as top-down control, may be impaired [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Direct evidence for this proposal comes from studies of automatic imitation using an RT paradigm, which shows that individuals with ASD have an intact congruency effect [ 43 , 44 ], but lack modulation of imitation based on social context [ 33 ].

Further research could directly investigate whether different forms of imitation intentional and automatic are impaired in ASD and schizophrenia, as well as the extent that impairments rely on the MNS or other neurocognitive systems. Although it was not part of our a prior predictions, we did find that sex predicted the congruency effect, such that women had a greater tendency to automatically imitate than men. As such, any pattern of relationship between each trait and automatic imitation was the same for both male and female participants. Furthermore, we found a sex by mean RT interaction that shows that as mean RT becomes slower, the sex difference on the congruency effect becomes larger. This suggests that there is not a general sex difference across all speeds; rather, the sex difference emerges at slower speeds.

Two plausible explanations of the sex difference in automatic imitation are outlined below. First, the result may not represent a sex difference per se, but an own-sex bias. The study was not designed to test for sex differences and, as such, only a female hand was used during the automatic imitation task. Therefore, given the evidence that children copy behaviours more that are demonstrated by same gender models [ 63 ] and the strength and ubiquity of ingroup biases even for arbitrarily assigned groups [ 64 ], the result could be explained by females showing more sensitivity to an ingroup member than an outgroup member. Second, the result may reflect a basic sex difference in the systems that underpin performance on the automatic imitation task. Based on performance on similar cognitive control tasks, there is currently some limited support for such sex differences.

For example, women show larger interference effects than men on flanker [ 65 ], oddball [ 66 ], as well as gaze- and arrow-cueing tasks [ 67 ]. All of these tasks share a similarity with the automatic imitation task: they require inhibition of a response to a task-irrelevant feature in order to enforce a task-relevant response. As such, based on sex differences in the systems that underpin such processes, women may find it more difficult than men to suppress the task-irrelevant stimulus.

These proposals, however, remain speculative and further research is required to directly investigate these possibilities. It is possible that null results could, in part, be due to the accuracy of the underlying measures. For most of our measures, we feel this is an unlikely account of our findings. Indeed, only the AQ had suboptimal reliability. Additionally, all measures used, despite being short-form versions, have been previously validated 22,46,48,49, Nevertheless, further work that aims to replicate the null effects observed here with more reliable long-form measures of personality are welcomed e.

The imitation task that we used indexes interference produced by both imitative and spatial components of the task. As such, imitation and spatial compatibility between stimulus and response could have contributed to our null findings. In order for this to occur, however, it would require assuming that automatic imitation and spatial compatibility are influenced in opposite directions by variation in personality traits e. As we have no reason to propose that such a negative relationship exists, we suggest it is an unlikely, yet possible, account of our null findings. The present study provides novel insight into the antecedents of automatic imitation. First, we found no relationship between automatic imitation and stable components of personality including empathy and narcissism.

As such, we suggest that the relationship between social components of personality and automatic imitation is less universal than initially conceived. Second, we found no relationship between automatic imitation and autistic-like and schizotypal traits, which is not consistent with the view that a dysfunctional MNS underpins atypical imitation abilities in ASD and schizophrenia. Instead, this result suggests that the systems supporting automatic imitation are intact in these disorders and other systems may be responsible for the imitation difficulties observed. More generally, we show the importance for studies of psychological processes to attempt replication experiments [ 29 , 30 ], study larger samples, and control for confounding variables [ 26 — 28 , 31 , 57 ].

By doing so, a more accurate estimate of the underlying cogitive architecure is produced. Analyzed the data: EEB. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Abstract Automatic imitation is a cornerstone of nonverbal communication that fosters rapport between interaction partners. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Data Availability: Restrictions imposed by the Research Ethics and Governance Committee of the School of Psychology in relation to participant consent and approved research protocols prevent public deposition of the data.

Introduction People automatically imitate the actions of those around them, a process that increases feelings of affiliation and rapport between interaction partners [ 1 ]. Method Participants Two hundred and forty-three participants took part in this experiment for monetary compensation. Automatic imitation task. Download: PPT. Data analysis Questionnaire coding. Automatic imitation. Multiple regression analyses. Group analyses. Power analyses. Results Questionnaires Mean scores across the entire sample were calculated for each of the questionnaires. Multiple regression For transparency, simple correlations between the congruency effect and each predictor variable were calculated S1 Table. Group analyses The regression approach above is an effective means for testing the effects of trait variables on automatic imitation.

Discussion Little is currently known about the relationship between automatic imitation and stable components of personality. Stable personality characteristics and automatic imitation Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that trait personality constructs of narcissism, empathy, extraversion and agreeableness did not predict the extent to which participants automatically imitate.

Subclinical trait characteristics and automatic imitation The current study also investigated possible links between automatic imitation and subclinical traits in the typical population. Sex differences in automatic imitation Although it was not part of our a prior predictions, we did find that sex predicted the congruency effect, such that women had a greater tendency to automatically imitate than men. Limitations It is possible that null results could, in part, be due to the accuracy of the underlying measures. Conclusion The present study provides novel insight into the antecedents of automatic imitation. Supporting Information. S1 Table. Simple correlations between each predictor and the congruency effect for each multiple regression model.

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Hearn, , pg. Individuals with autism has different personalities from one another and there are times that they act different towards other people and these people say that they are misbehaving or they just lack empathy from their families without knowing that the person has autism. Theory of mind refers to the idea that an individual with autism does not clearly understand that other individuals have different views, feelings and reasonings. Furthermore, it appears that they have difficulty understanding other people's beliefs, attitudes, and emotions. Although they are similar in certain aspects, they greatly differ in others.

Both sympathy and empathy allows an outsider the opportunity to witness the events that are occurring in the life of another individual. But where empathy allows you to take an observant backseat, sympathy allows you to experience exactly what the other person is suffering through your own relatable experiences. Empathy Definitions of empathy are not always consistent across studies and disciplines. Literature indicates that empathy can be identified within two different components 1 affective sharing or emotional empathy Batson, and 2 perspective taking or cognitive empathy Hoffman, Walter , states that affective empathy requires an awareness of others and often occurs on an unconscious level.

This type of empathy can be referred to as a mirroring response. Perspective taking …show more content… The importance of context to the application of empathy is very important. Lietz et al. EAI component scores can range anywhere from 5 to EAI total scores can range anywhere from 20 to , with higher scores indicating a greater level of empathy. The EAI is a self-reporting measure. Gerdes, et al. Show More. Read More. Bereavement And Grief Analysis Words 10 Pages Various researchers have explored the nature of bereavement and grief and what these processes do to individuals in terms of how they cope with loss.

Supreme Laryngeal Mask Case Study Words 11 Pages In our study, though the median volume of air used for cuff inflation was 20 ml for size 3 SLMA and 30 ml for size 4, the volume ranged from ml for size 3 and ml for size 4 which is much higher than that recommended.