Mackinac Native Tribes
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The Jesuits labored alone or in small teams, traveling with the tribes on their seasonal treks, even hunting the buffalo herds. They were held in places of honor among the tribes. The Franciscans, on the other hand, built permanent missions. Led by Bl. The first was begun on July 16, , at San Diego. The missions served as the principle centers of evangelization in California. Within them, thousands of Indians were taught trades and helped to adjust to life in the Spanish society that had suddenly been thrust upon them. The missions safeguarded the Indians against often cruel Spanish landowners who sought to exploit them and turn them into indentured workers, little better than slaves.
The Florida missions were launched almost immediately after Ponce de Leon first entered Florida in For the first half of the 16th century, Spanish expeditions failed to establish a lasting presence, and missionaries traveling with them encountered determinedly hostile native tribes. This proved a failure, and the Dominicans were succeeded by the Jesuits. They in turn left Florida in as conditions there and the hostility of the Indians offered little prospect for a permanent settlement. As the French were by then making their presence felt in North America, the Spanish government decided to make another try.
He was accompanied by two priests who founded there the first parish in the United States. Real progress followed from with the Franciscans who forged a chain of missions across Florida and then into Georgia. More than 30, Indians converted by As the English colonies expanded to the north, the missions fell under attack as part of the wider conflict between Spain and England. Over the next years, churches were burned to the ground, friars were tortured and then killed, and Catholic Indians were slaughtered. One of the worst attacks was in under General James Oglethorpe of Georgia; Franciscans were slain with a remarkable savagery.
A reported 1, Catholic Indians were taken to Charleston and sold as slaves. Augustine was sacked in There was supposed religious freedom in Florida under the English, but the lingering Spanish elements soon left the area. The British anti-Catholic policies had no impact in Texas, Louisiana, and on the west coast, where missions functioned without too much interference. Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and San Xavier del Bac stood as monuments of the faith in North America, but they were built at a terrible price: More than Catholic missionaries in some 18 states were slain at their posts between and But more missionaries followed in their footsteps into the missions. The American Revolutionary War not only ended British rule in the colonies but provided Catholics with civil rights concerning the practice of their religious beliefs.
In , the Louisiana Purchase opened new regions for Americans, hastening the great trek westward. One of these Indian nations was the Potowatomi, who in were guarded by federal troops on the trail westward. A young, newly ordained priest, Fr. Benjamin Petit, accompanied the Potowatomi and marched alongside his Indian flock, providing the sacraments and consoling the victims of the forced migration. Petit was horrified at the cruelty and inhumane treatment.
When the Potowatomi reached Kansas, their destination, another Catholic priest was waiting. Christian Hoeken, the Jesuit companion of the famous Fr. Pierre Jean de Smet, had built a mission and had stored vast supplies to welcome the exiles. Petit was already ill, and he bade the Potowatomi farewell and returned to his home parish, where he died soon after. Even today he remains a cherished figure in the memory of Potowatomi nation. An older nun founded the Indian mission schools and a novitiate. Unable to speak the language of the Potowatomi, and not truly conversant in English, she visited the school in Rose Philippine Duschesne.
The ongoing evangelization continued unbroken, in such places as Montana and the Dakotas, with missionaries becoming part of the lives of the Indian nations. One Oblate missionary, Fr. Albert Lacombe, was caught up in an attack on the Blackfeet by the Cree, around in the Rocky Mountain region. The Diocese of St. Louis had received a plea in that a priest be sent to the Rocky Mountains and beyond. The bishop sent a tested missionary Jesuit, Fr. Pierre Jean de Smet. De Smet was welcomed by the Flatheads, Crows, and other tribes and founded a large chain of missions, bringing priests and religious to staff them.
He also interceded when local tribes had conflicts. In he addressed 10, Indians from 10 tribes at the gathering at Horse Creek Valley, near Fort Laramie, urging the nations to pursue the path of peace. Soon after, the U. He met the bureaucrats and then went ahead of them alone, entering a gathering of 5, armed Sioux. They led him to Sitting Bull, with whom he spent the next three days. De Smet left the Sioux camp with a pledge of peace, having told the Sioux that the whites would probably break any treaty agreed upon.
It was reported that Fr. De Smet was told by a Sioux warrior that there were vast deposits of gold in the Black Hills, lands held sacred by the Sioux nation. He made the warrior swear silence on the matter and then made the long journey to the camp of Sitting Bull. There he explained that gold caused a fever among the whites, who would invade the sacred lands if they had word of such deposits. Sitting Bull and the council commanded all Sioux to maintain total silence about the gold, on pain of death. The secret was kept safely for decades.
De Smet died on May 23, During his missionary labors he had traveled a remarkable 16, miles across America serving Indian nations. Before his death, he visited Archbishop Francis Norbert Blanchet in Oregon, and they discussed the alarming policies of the U. Archbishop Blanchet sent a veteran missionary, Fr. Archbishop Bayley was the nephew of St.
Elizabeth Ann Seton. He was a convert to Catholicism and a dynamic defender of Catholic rights. He sent Fr. Brouilet to Washington, D. The American bishops were alerted to the growing threats and backed the efforts of the archbishop to establish a reliable agency of defense. On March 17, , the first meeting of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions was opened with the task of defending Catholic rights in caring for Native American Catholics and the safety of the Catholic missions.
Catholic leaders spoke out on behalf of the missions in the U. The Catholic Church in America had come of age after centuries of service. The battles were now in the bureaucratic wild lands of America. The legacy of the missionaries and the Catholic Native Americans, however, provided the model for future generations. The authentic approach to the history of the encounter between the Native Americans and the Church was expressed eloquently by Pope John Paul II in when he addressed a gathering of Indians in Phoenix, Arizona.
The pope noted:. The early encounter between your traditional cultures and the European way of life was an event of such significance and change that it profoundly influences your collective life even today. That encounter was a harsh and painful reality for your peoples. The cultural oppression, the injustices, the disruption of your life and of your traditional societies must be acknowledged. I'm not someone who would call herself a "hiker" per se. However, I do enjoy a great nature trail especially as the weather starts to cool down in Autumn.
Plus, the changing leaves make for such a gorgeous background. Now, in Kalamazoo alone we have an abundance of nature trails, nature preserves, and so on. But, are you aware of the ties to Native American history in those trails? It's something I just learned today. I stumbled upon this link to Thumbwind. The caption on the post read, in part,. For thousands of years, Native Americans crisscrossed Michigan on a system of trails that were in tune with the land and so perfectly placed that the routes are still in use today by our highways and state roads. The site, thumbwind. To put it simply Many of the trails would be used for seasonal hunting, fishing or even the collection of maple syrup. Those good would then be traded along the route or at the Detroit Straights which seemed to be a gathering point for many different tribes.
I assumed that these trails had most likely been destroyed or paved over as things like this usually are in the history of America.
