Homelessness In America During The Great Depression
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Homelessness in New York reaches highest level since Great Depression
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The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, a diagnostic evaluation for anxiety disorder or depressive disorder was not conducted; however, clinically validated screening instruments were used to assess symptoms. Second, the trauma- and stressor-related symptoms assessed were common to multiple TSRDs, precluding distinction among them; however, the findings highlight the importance of including COVID—specific trauma measures to gain insights into peri- and posttraumatic impacts of the COVID pandemic 7.
Third, substance use behavior was self-reported; therefore, responses might be subject to recall, response, and social desirability biases. Finally, given that the web-based survey might not be fully representative of the United States population, findings might have limited generalizability. However, standardized quality and data inclusion screening procedures, including algorithmic analysis of click-through behavior, removal of duplicate responses and scrubbing methods for web-based panel quality were applied.
Further the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety disorder and depressive disorder were largely consistent with findings from the Household Pulse Survey during June 1. Markedly elevated prevalences of reported adverse mental and behavioral health conditions associated with the COVID pandemic highlight the broad impact of the pandemic and the need to prevent and treat these conditions. Identification of populations at increased risk for psychological distress and unhealthy coping can inform policies to address health inequity, including increasing access to resources for clinical diagnoses and treatment options.
Expanded use of telehealth, an effective means of delivering treatment for mental health conditions, including depression, substance use disorder, and suicidal ideation 8 , might reduce COVIDrelated mental health consequences. Future studies should identify drivers of adverse mental and behavioral health during the COVID pandemic and whether factors such as social isolation, absence of school structure, unemployment and other financial worries, and various forms of violence e. Community-level intervention and prevention efforts should include strengthening economic supports to reduce financial strain, addressing stress from experienced racial discrimination, promoting social connectedness, and supporting persons at risk for suicide 9.
To reduce potential harms of increased substance use related to COVID, resources, including social support, comprehensive treatment options, and harm reduction services, are essential and should remain accessible. Periodic assessment of mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation should evaluate the prevalence of psychological distress over time. Addressing mental health disparities and preparing support systems to mitigate mental health consequences as the pandemic evolves will continue to be needed urgently.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Charles A. Elise R. Mark E. Shantha M. Czeisler, Elise R. Facer-Childs, Laura K. Barger, Joshua F. Wiley, Matthew D. Czeisler, Mark E. Howard, Rebecca Robbins, and Shantha M. Rajaratnam report contributions by Archangels for the screener used to determine unpaid caregiver status in the survey; and a grant from Whoop, Inc, for administration of the survey in June.
No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. For this analysis, students who were not separately employed as essential workers were considered nonessential workers. Residence was reassessed during June 24—30, , and one respondent who had moved from the United States was excluded from the analysis. A minimum age of 18 years and residence within the United States were required for eligibility for newly recruited respondents included in the cross-sectional analysis.
For both the longitudinal cohort and newly recruited respondents, respondents were required to provide informed consent before enrollment into the study. All surveys underwent data quality screening procedures including algorithmic and keystroke analysis for attention patterns, click-through behavior, duplicate responses, machine responses, and inattentiveness. Country-specific geolocation verification via IP address mapping was used to ensure respondents were from the United States.
Respondents who failed an attention or speed check, along with any responses identified by the data-scrubbing algorithms, were excluded from analysis. The survey instruments included a combination of individual questions, validated questionnaires, and COVIDspecific questionnaires, which were used to assess respondent attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs related to COVID and its mitigation, as well as the social and behavioral health impacts of the COVID pandemic. This instrument was included in the April, May, and June surveys. For this survey, the COVID pandemic was specified as the traumatic exposure to record peri- and posttraumatic symptoms associated with the range of stressors introduced by the COVID pandemic.
This instrument was included in the May and June surveys only. Participants were informed that responses were deidentified and that direct support could not be provided to those who reported substance use behavior or suicidal ideation. If you would like crisis support please contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, TALK , or chat line for help for themselves or others. Spanish speakers from Puerto Rico can text Hablanos to For symptoms of a TSRD precipitated by COVID—19, started or increased substance use to cope with stress or emotions related to COVID—19, and serious suicidal ideation in the previous 30 days, odds of incidence were marked by the presence of an outcome during June 24—30, , after the absence of that outcome during May 5—12, For Table 3, essential worker status was determined by identification as an essential worker during the June 24—30 survey.
Essential workers were compared with all other respondents, not just employed respondents i. The definition of an unpaid caregiver for adults was having provided unpaid care to a relative or friend 18 years or older to help them take care of themselves at any time in the last 3 months. For this survey, the COVID—19 pandemic was specified as the traumatic exposure to record peri— and posttraumatic symptoms associated with the range of potential stressors introduced by the COVID—19 pandemic. Department of Health and Human Services. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.
CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. Rajaratnam, PhD 1 ,4 ,5 View author affiliations View suggested citation. Summary What is already known about this topic? What is added by this report? What are the implications for public health practice?
Article Metrics. Metric Details. Businesses and industry were also affected. Despite President Herbert Hoover asking businesses to maintain their wage rates, many businesses, having lost much of their own capital in either the stock market crash or the bank closures, started cutting back their workers' hours or wages. In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldn't stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed.
Unemployment was a huge problem during the Great Depression. From to , the unemployment rate in the United States rose from 3. In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of the depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms, creating what became known as the Dust Bowl. Years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear.
With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could small farmers not feed themselves and their families, they could not pay back their debt. Banks would then foreclose and the farmers' families would be both homeless and unemployed. During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States.
Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or "rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who weren't lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown known as "Hoovervilles" outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers.
The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of "Okies" and "Arkies. The U. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as "Hoover blankets," pockets of pants turned inside out to show they were empty were called "Hoover flags," and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as "Hoover wagons.
During the presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup.
Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. While other programs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration, attempted to help curb unemployment by hiring people for various projects. To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero.
