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Traditional textiles are still made in Finland with swastikas as parts of traditional ornaments. The Finnish Air Force used the swastika as an emblem, introduced in , until January According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. The original design of the collar, decorated with nine swastikas, dates from and was designed by the artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The Grand Cross with the swastika collar has been awarded 41 times to foreign heads of state. To avoid misunderstandings, the swastika decorations were replaced by fir crosses at the decision of president Urho Kekkonen in after it became known that the President of France Charles De Gaulle was uncomfortable with the swastika collar.

Also a design by Gallen-Kallela from , the Cross of Liberty has a swastika pattern in its arms. The Cross of Liberty is depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the President of Finland. In December , a silver replica of the World War II-period Finnish air defence's relief ring decorated with a swastika became available as a part of a charity campaign. The original war-time idea was that the public swap their precious metal rings for the state air defence's relief ring, made of iron.

In , the old logo of Finnish Air Force Command with Swastika was replaced by a new logo showing golden eagle and a circle of wings. However, the logo of Finland's air force academy still keeps the swastika symbol. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background. As in Latvia, the symbol is a traditional Baltic ornament, [] [] found on relics dating from at least the 13th century. The logo was replaced in , when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. During the early s, the swastika was used as a symbol of electric power, perhaps because it resembled a waterwheel or turbine.

On maps of the period, the sites of hydroelectric power stations were marked with swastikas. Starting in , Mikal Sylten 's staunchly anti-semitic periodical, Nationalt Tidsskrift took up the swastika as a symbol, three years before Adolf Hitler chose to do so. Swastikas adorn its wrought iron gates. The architects knew the swastika as a symbol of electricity and were probably not yet aware that it had been usurped by the German Nazi party and would soon become the foremost symbol of the German Reich. The fact that these gates survived the cleanup after the German occupation of Norway during WW II is a testimony to the innocence and good faith of the power plant and its architects.

The swastika motif is found in some traditional Native American art and iconography. Historically, the design has been found in excavations of Mississippian -era sites in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, and on objects associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex S. It is also widely used by a number of southwestern tribes, most notably the Navajo , and plains nations such as the Dakota. Among various tribes, the swastika carries different meanings. The Passamaquoddy Native American tribe, now located in the state of Maine and in Canada , used an elongated swastika on their war canoes in the American colonial period as well as later.

Before the s, the symbol for the 45th Infantry Division of the United States Army was a red diamond with a yellow swastika, a tribute to the large Native American population in the southwestern United States. It was later replaced with a thunderbird symbol. A swastika shape is a symbol in the culture of the Kuna people of Kuna Yala , Panama. In Kuna tradition it symbolises the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal points. In February , the Kuna revolted vigorously against Panamanian suppression of their culture, and in they assumed autonomy. The flag they adopted at that time is based on the swastika shape, and remains the official flag of Kuna Yala. A number of variations on the flag have been used over the years: red top and bottom bands instead of orange were previously used, and in a ring representing the traditional Kuna nose-ring was added to the center of the flag to distance it from the symbol of the Nazi party.

From to , the K-R-I-T automobile, manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, used a right-facing swastika as their trademark. Chief William Neptune of the Passamaquoddy , wearing a headdress and outfit adorned with swastikas. Chilocco Indian Agricultural School basketball team in Fernie Swastikas women's hockey team, The Buffum tool company of Louisiana used the swastika as its trademark. It went out of business in the s. The swastika was widely used in Europe at the start of the 20th century. It symbolised many things to the Europeans, with the most common symbolism being of good luck and auspiciousness. This insignia was used on the party's flag, badge, and armband. In his work Mein Kampf , Adolf Hitler writes: "I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black hooked cross in the middle.

After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the hooked cross. When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honor to the German nation".

Red, white, and black were the colours of the flag of the old German Empire. He also stated: "As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. In red, we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the hooked cross, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work. The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, effecting life" das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens and as "race emblem of Germanism" Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums.

The concept of racial hygiene was an ideology central to Nazism, though it is scientific racism. The Nazis co-opted the swastika as a symbol of the Aryan master race. The first time the swastika was used with an "Aryan" meaning was on 25 December , when the self-named Order of the New Templars , a secret society founded by Lanz von Liebenfels , hoisted at Werfenstein Castle Austria a yellow flag with a swastika and four fleurs-de-lys. During World War II it was common to use small swastikas to mark air-to-air victories on the sides of Allied aircraft, and at least one British fighter pilot inscribed a swastika in his logbook for each German plane he shot down.

Because of its use by Nazi Germany, the swastika since the s has been largely associated with Nazism. In the aftermath of World War II it has been considered a symbol of hate in the West, [] and of white supremacy in many Western countries. As a result, all use of it, or its use as a Nazi or hate symbol, is prohibited in some countries, including Germany. In some countries, such as the United States in the case Virginia v. Black , the highest courts have ruled that the local governments can prohibit the use of swastika along with other symbols such as cross burning, if the intent of the use is to intimidate others. The German and Austrian postwar criminal code makes the public showing of the swastika, the sig rune , the Celtic cross specifically the variations used by white power activists , the wolfsangel , the odal rune and the Totenkopf skull illegal, except for scholarly reasons.

It is also censored from the reprints of s railway timetables published by the Reichsbahn. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt, as religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany. A controversy was stirred by the decision of several police departments to begin inquiries against anti-fascists. In the Stade police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections. On Friday, 17 March , a member of the Bundestag , Claudia Roth reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis , and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution.

She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism. On 9 August , Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. The European Union's Executive Commission proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism law in , but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression.

In early , while Germany held the European Union presidency, Berlin proposed that the European Union should follow German Criminal Law and criminalise the denial of the Holocaust and the display of Nazi symbols including the swastika, which is based on the Ban on the Symbols of Unconstitutional Organisations Act. This led to an opposition campaign by Hindu groups across Europe against a ban on the swastika. They pointed out that the swastika has been around for 5, years as a symbol of peace. The public display of Nazi -era German flags or any other flags is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guarantees the right to freedom of speech. As with many neo-Nazi groups across the world, the American Nazi Party used the swastika as part of its flag before its first dissolution in The symbol was chosen by the organisation's founder, George Lincoln Rockwell.

The swastika, in various iconographic forms, is one of the hate symbols identified in use as graffiti in US schools, and is described as such in a US Department of Education document, "Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counselors and Administrators", edited by Jim Carnes, which provides advice to educators on how to support students targeted by such hate symbols and address hate graffiti. Examples given show that it is often used alongside other white supremacist symbols, such as those of the Ku Klux Klan , and note a "three-bladed" variation used by skinheads , white supremacists, and " some South African extremist groups ".

In the Anti-Defamation League ADL downgraded the swastika from its status as a Jewish hate symbol, saying "We know that the swastika has, for some, lost its meaning as the primary symbol of Nazism and instead become a more generalised symbol of hate. In , Microsoft officially spoke out against use of the swastika by players of the first-person shooter Call of Duty: Black Ops. In Black Ops , players are allowed to customise their name tags to represent, essentially, whatever they want. The swastika can be created and used, but Stephen Toulouse , director of Xbox Live policy and enforcement, said players with the symbol on their name tag will be banned if someone reports it as inappropriate from Xbox Live.

The swastika has been replaced by a stylised Greek cross. In , authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. President Emomali Rahmonov declared the swastika an Aryan symbol, and "the year of Aryan culture", which would be a time to "study and popularise Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilisation, raise a new generation of Tajiks with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures".

In East Asia, the swastika is prevalent in Buddhist monasteries and communities. It is commonly found in Buddhist temples, religious artefacts, texts related to Buddhism and schools founded by Buddhist religious groups. It also appears as a design or motif singularly or woven into a pattern on textiles, architecture and various decorative objects as a symbol of luck and good fortune. The icon is also found as a sacred symbol in the Bon tradition, but in the left-facing orientation. Many Chinese religions make use of the swastika symbol, including Guiyidao and Shanrendao.

All of them show the swastika in their logos. Among the predominantly Hindu population of Bali , in Indonesia , the swastika is common in temples, homes and public spaces. Similarly, the swastika is a common icon associated with Buddha's footprints in Theravada Buddhist communities of Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia. In Japan, the swastika is also used as a map symbol and is designated by the Survey Act and related Japanese governmental rules to denote a Buddhist temple. The city of Hirosaki in Aomori Prefecture designates this symbol as its official flag, which stemmed from its use in the emblem of the Tsugaru clan , the lords of Hirosaki Domain during the Edo period. Temples, businesses and other organisations, such as the Buddhist libraries, Ahmedabad Stock Exchange and the Nepal Chamber of Commerce, [] use the swastika in reliefs or logos.

The swastika remains prominent in Hindu ceremonies such as weddings. The left facing sauwastika symbol is found in tantric rituals. Musaeus College in Colombo, Sri Lanka , a Buddhist girls' school, has a left facing swastika in their school logo. In India, Swastik and Swastika , with their spelling variants, are first names for males and females respectively, for instance with Swastika Mukherjee. The Emblem of Bihar contains two swastikas. Since the end of the 20th century, and through the early 21st century, confusion and controversy has occurred when personal-use goods bearing the traditional Jain, Buddhist, or Hindu symbols have been exported to the West, notably to North America and Europe, and have been interpreted by purchasers as bearing a Nazi symbol.

This has resulted in several such products having been boycotted or pulled from shelves. The boy's parents misinterpreted the symbol as the right-facing Nazi swastika and filed a complaint to the manufacturer. Nintendo of America announced that the cards would be discontinued, explaining that what was acceptable in one culture was not necessarily so in another; their action was welcomed by the Anti-Defamation League who recognised that there was no intention to offend, but said that international commerce meant that, "Isolating [the Swastika] in Asia would just create more problems.

In , Christmas crackers containing plastic toy red pandas sporting swastikas were pulled from shelves after complaints from customers in Canada. The manufacturer, based in China, said the symbol was presented in a traditional sense and not as a reference to the Nazis, and apologised to the customers for the cross-cultural mixup. In , the retailer Shein pulled a necklace featuring a left-facing swastika pendant from its website after receiving backlash on social media. The retailer apologized for the lack of sensitivity but noted that the swastika was a Buddhist symbol. Besides its use as a religious symbol in Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism , which can be traced back to pre-modern traditions, the swastika is also used by adherents of a large number of new religious movements which were established in the modern period.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Rosenberg" is not used in the content see the help page. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Swastika disambiguation. Religious symbol also adopted by Nazis. Hindu Swastikas. Bengali Hindu swastika. A swastika is typical in Hindu temples. Goa Lawah Hindu temple entrance in Bali , Indonesia. A Hindu temple in Rajasthan , India. Main article: Swastika Germanic Iron Age. Main article: Balto-Slavic swastika. Bashkirs symbol of the sun and fertility. Ancient Roman mosaics of La Olmeda , Spain. Swastika on a Roman mosaic in Veli Brijun , Croatia.

Ashanti weight in Africa. Nkontim adinkra symbol representing loyalty and readiness to serve. Carved fretwork forming a swastika in the window of a Lalibela rock-hewn church in Ethiopia. Main article: Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century. The flag of the Finnish Air Force Academy. Old and new versions of the 45th Infantry Division. Flag of the Kuna people. Further information: Nazi symbolism and Occultism in Nazism. The national flag of Germany — , which differs from the NSDAP flag in that the white circle with the swastika is off-center. Divisional insignia of Further information: Strafgesetzbuch section 86a. Hinduism portal India portal Religion portal Germany portal Asia portal. Sullivan The A to Z of Hinduism. Scarecrow Press.

ISBN The Symbolism of the Stupa. Motilal Banarsidass. Oxford University Press. BBC News Magazine. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Law and Human Behavior. American Psychological Association. PMID S2CID Retrieved 8 June Buddha's footprints were said to be swastikas. National University of Singapore Press. On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika. Nichols and Sons. The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols. Serindia Publications, Inc. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.

Cambridge University Press. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton University Press. Etymology Dictionary. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary , s. Retrieved 10 June Philosophy East and West. JSTOR Grammatical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online ed. Retrieved 9 February Indian Country Today Media Network. Archived from the original on 11 August Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism. Shambhala Press. University of California Press. Flags of the World. Unicode, Inc.

Symbols of Sacred Science. Sophia Perennis. Ljubljana: Slovene Anthropological Society. XIX 2. ISSN X. Comet 1st ed. New York: Random House. OCLC Archived from the original on 8 September Oxford: J. Parker and Company. The Flight of the Wild Gander. BBC News. Retrieved 14 February Iranian Studies. Accessed 19 April In Persian. Nadeau Lee, Jonathan H. Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. Retrieved 21 March The Illyrians: history and culture. Noyes Press. Retrieved 14 February — via Google Books. Retrieved 14 September Retrieved 9 September Archived from the original on 10 January The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. NUS Press. Archived from the original on 19 April Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 17 February Spiritual Art and Art Education.

Tibetan Furniture. Retrieved 11 November McClelland Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. Kangxi Dictionary in Chinese. Qing Empire. Ellis Davidson Gods and Myths of Northern Europe , p. Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past , p. O Bogach i ludziach. Practice and theory of Slavic Heathenism ] in Polish. Retrieved 19 May Echo of Moscow. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 7 April Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages in Russian. Moskow: Nauka. Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe. British Museum. Archived from the original on 24 March Retrieved 2 March Ir Indo, Vigo.

The Archaeology of Greece , p. Labyrinth Enterprises. The Area of Bristol in Roman Times. II, p. Wilson The swastika, the earlist known symbol and its migrations , pp. Quite a different version of the Celtic triskelion, and perhaps the most common pre-Christian symbolism found throughout Armenian cultural tradition, is the round clockwise occasionally counter-clockwise whirling sun-like spiral fixed at a centre — the Armenian symbol of eternity. Mehr, M.

She viewed a tall building with spires and circular windows along the top of the walls. It was engraved with sun stones, a typical symbol of eternity in ancient Armenian architecture. The Open Court. Open Court Publishing Company. Almost a year later, on November 1, another teacher, Ms Daughty Akinyi Onyango, was among the 3, graduands who celebrated their achievements at the same university. She started her career at a relatively low level of a P1 teacher in It took these three PhD holders time, energy, finances, and a lot of sacrifice to achieve one of the highest levels of education in Kenya.

They hoped to get a chance to serve in big jobs, however, their journey has been no walk in the park. The Nation caught up with the three scholars at their working stations -- primary schools in Kisumu County, where they are teachers. Underneath their radiant smiles and humility are individuals who are choking with a wealth of knowledge that they yearn to put to use at a higher level, but which they cannot for lack of opportunities. Many would expect them to be teaching in universities, at least, or holding plum positions in government or the private sector. But they remain stuck in the primary schools, doing what they know best -- imparting knowledge to future generations.

They grapple with an array of issues, including an employer's policy that does not issue career progression for P1 teachers with PhDs. They also have to be careful how they relate with colleagues at work so as not to intimidate them. They are often asked difficult questions on why they are 'doctors' in primary school. She doubles up as a part-time university lecturer in the evenings and on weekends.

Universities claim they cannot employ her permanently because they do not have enough funds. Sometimes she is invited by schools as a motivational speaker and this is another avenue she uses to raise extra income to feed her family of two. Cumulatively, she has been teaching in primary schools for more than 18 years, three of which have been since she graduated with the PhD. He revealed that many of his pupils and their parents are surprised there is a 'Doctor' teaching in their school. To my colleagues, it was difficult for them to refer to me as 'Dr' since in schools we are either Mr or Mrs," says Dr Owenga. Sometimes the title is a curse, especially when relating with his bosses who have lower levels of education. It is really a tough balancing act," says Dr Owenga.

He points out that he also has to teach the exact number of subjects like the other teachers, even when sometimes he feels like he should be doing more. Dr Owenga is good in research, especially on social psychology, where he can even advise politicians. He is also an expert in behavioural science, health, and environmental psychology. He believes the motivation for furthering one's studies is going up the career ladder. Even when giving a motivational talk to schools, they would expect you to come from somewhere higher, not a 'doctor from a primary school' addressing them, some will not even trust you," says Dr Owenga.

The same challenges are experienced by Dr Otieno, who had to transfer from her previous school because of frustrations from senior colleagues. She credit's God's grace and humility that she has been coping with a situation she describes as 'choking'. She has had to hide her title to avoid being scrutinised and for the 'sake of peace' among colleagues, she says. Any small thing that you do, even coming late to work, you are judged, with some thinking you are taking advantage of your qualification," says Dr Otieno, a teacher of mathematics and science at Lake Primary School.