Andrei Chikatilo Interactionist Theory

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Soviet psychiatrist who worked with Andrey Chikatilo. (Serial killer psychiatrist)

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Aristotle refutes Plato's Theory of Ideas on three basic grounds: that the existence of Ideas contradicts itself by denying the possibility of negations ;that his illustrations of Ideas are merely empty metaphors ;and that the theory uses impermanent abstractions to create examples of perception. Though the theory is meant to establish concrete standards for the knowledge of reality, Aristotle considers it fraught with inconsistencies and believes that the concept of reality depends upon all forms' correlation to other elements. Ideas, Plato believes, are permanent, self-contained absolutes, which answered to each item of exact knowledge attained through human thought.

Also, Ideas are in Plato's view concrete standards by which all human endeavor can be judged, for the hierarchy of all ideas leads to the highest absolute - that of Good. In addition, the theory claims that states of being are contingent upon the mingling of various Forms of existence, that knowledge is objective and thus clearly more real, and that only the processes of nature were valid entities. However, Aristotle attacks this theory on the grounds that Plato's arguments are inconclusive either his assertions are not al all cogent.

Aristotle says, or his arguments lead to contradictory conclusions. For example, Aristotle claims that Plato's arguments lead one to conclude that entities such as anything man-made and negations of concrete ideas could exist - such as "non-good" in opposition to good. This contradicts Plato's own belief that only natural objects could serve as standards of knowledge. Also, Aristotle refutes Plato's belief that Ideas are perfect entities unto themselves, independent of subjective human experience.

Ideas, Aristotle claims, are not abstractions on a proverbial pedestal but mere duplicates of things witnessed in ordinary daily life. The Ideas of things, he says, are not inherent to the objects in particular but created separately and placed apart from the objects themselves. Thus, Aristotle says, Plato's idea that Ideas are perfect entities, intangible to subjective human experience, is meaningless, for all standards are based somewhere in ordinary human activity and perception.

The term cognitive neuroscience was coined by George Armitage Miller and Michael Gazzaniga in year Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking". The cognitive revolution was an intellectual movement that began in the s as an interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes, which became known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical framework for understanding the mind that gained credence in the s. Communicology is the scholarly and academic study of how we create and use messages to affect our social environment.

Community reinforcement approach and family training CRAFT is a behavior therapy approach for treating addiction. Comparative cognition is the comparative study of the mechanisms and origins of cognition in various species. Computational cognition sometimes referred to as computational cognitive science or computational psychology is the study of the computational basis of learning and inference by mathematical modeling, computer simulation, and behavioral experiments. Computer-supported collaborative learning CSCL is a pedagogical approach where in learning takes place via social interaction using a computer or through the Internet. Connectionism is an approach in the fields of cognitive science, that hopes to represent mental phenomena using artificial neural networks.

Consciousness Explained is a book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which the author offers an account of how consciousness arises from interaction of physical and cognitive processes in the brain. Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and all the activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services, including the consumer's emotional, mental and behavioural responses that precede or follow these activities. Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities. In electronic commerce, conversion marketing is marketing with the intention of increasing conversions--that is, site visitors who are paying customers.

Creatures is an artificial life alife computer program series, created in the mids by English computer scientist Steve Grand whilst working for the Cambridge video games developer Millennium Interactive. Critical anthropomorphism from ethology and comparative psychology refers to a perspective in the study of animal behavior that encompasses using the sentience of the observer to generate hypotheses in light of scientific knowledge of the species, its perceptual world, and ecological and evolutionary history.

The crocoduck is a fictitious hybrid animal with the head of a crocodile and the body of a duck proposed by Ray Comfort and Kirk Cameron. A cubicle is a partially enclosed office workspace that is separated from neighboring workspaces by partitions that are usually tall. Cultural-historical activity theory CHAT is a theoretical framework which helps to understand and analyse the relationship between the human mind what people think and feel and activity what people do.

Cultural-historical psychology is a branch of psychological theory and practice associated with Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria and their Circle, who initiated it in the midss. The term cupboard love refers to a popular learning theory of the s and s based on the research of Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein and Mary Ainsworth. Curriculum-based measurement, or CBM, is also referred to as a general outcomes measures GOMs of a student's performance in either basic skills or content knowledge. A customer insight, or consumer insight, is an interpretation of trends in human behaviors which aims to increase effectiveness of a product or service for the consumer, as well as increase sales for mutual benefit.

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. The term cycle of violence refers to repeated and dangerous acts of violence as a cyclical pattern, Domestic Violence and Abuse, Signs of Abuse and Abusive Relationships. Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. A deterministic system is a conceptual model of the philosophical doctrine of determinism applied to a system for understanding everything that has and will occur in the system, based on the physical outcomes of causality. The Differential Outcomes Effect is a theory in Behaviorism, a branch of Psychology, that shows that a positive effect on accuracy occurs in discrimination learning between different stimuli when unique rewards are paired with each individual stimulus.

Direct instruction DI is a general term for the explicit teaching of a skill-set using lectures or demonstrations of the material to students. A dog behaviourist is a person who works in modifying or changing behavior in dogs. Donald M. Baer was a psychologist who contributed to the science of applied behavior analysis and pioneered the development of behavior analysis at two separate institutions. Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

The Edge Foundation, Inc. Educational assessment is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. Education sciences traditionally often called pedagogy and education theory seek to describe, understand, and prescribe educational policy and practice. Educational technology is "the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources".

Edward Ellsworth "Ned" Jones August 11, — July 30, was an influential social psychologist, he is known as father of Ingratiation due to his major works in the area. Edward Eugene Harper born March 1, is an American former fugitive who was wanted for sex crimes against children. Edwin Garrigues Gary Boring 23 October — 1 July was an American experimental psychologist, Professor of Psychology at Clark University and at Harvard University, who later became one of the first historians of psychology.

Effects of domestic violence on children, result from witnessing domestic violence in a home where one of their parents are abusing the other parent, plays a tremendous role on the well-being and developmental growth of children witnessing the violence. An eidetic image is a type of vivid mental image, not necessarily derived from an actual external event or memory. Embodied cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field of research, the aim of which is to explain the mechanisms underlying intelligent behavior.

Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. In the philosophy of mind, emergent or emergentist materialism is a theory which asserts that the mind is an irreducible existent in some sense, albeit not in the sense of being an ontological simple, and that the study of mental phenomena is independent of other sciences. Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure. Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to write about the existence and nature of emotions in animals.

Epiphenomenalism is a mind—body philosophy marked by the belief that basic physical events sense organs, neural impulses, and muscle contractions are causal with respect to mental events thought, consciousness, and cognition. An epiphenomenon plural: epiphenomena is a secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a primary phenomenon. Equipotentiality refers to a psychological theory in both neuropsychology and behaviorism. Equity theory focuses on determining whether the distribution of resources is fair to both relational partners. Eric Lansdown Trist September 11, — June 4, was a British scientist and leading figure in the field of organizational development OD.

In linguistics, according to J. Richard et al. Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Existence, in its most generic terms, is the ability to, directly or indirectly, interact with reality or, in more specific cases, the universe. Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it. Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy, marriage and family therapy, family systems therapy, and family counseling, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development.

Fear of fish or ichthyophobia ranges from cultural phenomena such as fear of eating fish, fear of touching raw fish, or fear of dead fish, up to irrational fear specific phobia. Fear of flying is a fear of being on an airplane aeroplane , or other flying vehicle, such as a helicopter, while in flight. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders FASDs are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.

Field theory is a psychological theory more precisely: Topological and vector psychology which examines patterns of interaction between the individual and the total field, or environment. Flirting or coquetry is a social and sexual behavior involving verbal or written communication, as well as body language, by one person to another, either to suggest interest in a deeper relationship with the other person, or if done playfully, for amusement. Frank Ambrose Beach, Jr. April 13, — June 15, was an American ethologist, best known as co-author of the book Patterns of Sexual Behavior.

He is often regarded as the founder of behavioral endocrinology, as his publications marked the beginnings of the field. Fred Simmons Keller January 2, February 2, was an American psychologist and a pioneer in experimental psychology. Frustration—aggression hypothesis, otherwise known as the frustration—aggression—displacement theory, is a theory of aggression proposed by John Dollard, Neal Miller, Leonard Doob, Orval Mowrer, and Robert Sears in , and further developed by Neal Miller in and Leonard Berkowitz in Functional analysis in behavioral psychology is the application of the laws of operant and respondent conditioning to establish the relationships between stimuli and responses.

Functional analytic psychotherapy FAP is a psychotherapeutic approach based on clinical behavior analysis CBA that focuses on the therapeutic relationship as a means to maximize client change. Functional attitude theory FAT suggests that beliefs and attitudes are influential to various psychological functions. Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism.

Functional psychology or functionalism refers to a psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation ; second edition is a book by the neuroscientist Simon LeVay, in which the author discusses scientific research on sexual orientation that in his view suggests that homosexuality and heterosexuality are products of the interactions between sex hormones and the developing brain, which predispose people's minds toward masculinity or femininity. In behavioral psychology, the Assumption of Generality is the assumption that the results of experiments involving schedules of reinforcement, conducted on non-human subjects often pigeons , can be generalized to apply to humans.

George Armitage Miller February 3, — July 22, was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of the cognitive psychology field. George Herbert Mead February 27, — April 26, was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. George Kelly born George Alexander Kelly; April 28, —March 6, was an American psychologist, therapist, educator and personality theorist. Gestalt psychology or gestaltism from Gestalt "shape, form" is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology.

This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. Language teaching, like other educational activities, may employ specialized vocabulary and word use. Greedy reductionism, identified by Daniel Dennett, in his book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, is a kind of erroneous reductionism. Gregory Adams Kimble October 21, — January 15, was an American general psychologist and former professor at Duke University, from which he retired in Harry Frederick Harlow October 31, — December 6, was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development.

Harry M. Tiebout M. Harvey A. Carr April 30, — June 21, , a founding father of functionalist psychology, was renowned for a methodical and thorough approach to his science. Herbert George Blumer March 7, — April 13, was an American sociologist whose main scholarly interests were symbolic interactionism and methods of social research. Herbert Charles Sanborn February 18, — July 6, was an American philosopher, academic and one-time political candidate. Herbert Parsons October 28, — September 16, was a U. Representative from New York. Hereditarianism is the doctrine or school of thought that heredity plays a significant role in determining human nature and character traits, such as intelligence and personality. Herta Herzog-Massing August 14, — February 25, was an Austrian-American social scientist specializing in communication studies.

The High Probability Instruction HPI treatment is a behaviorist psychological treatment based on the idea of positive reinforcement. Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for understanding interpersonal relationships between human beings. Today, psychology is defined as "the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Although modern, scientific psychology is often dated at the opening of the first psychological clinic by Wilhelm Wundt, attempts to create methods for assessing and treating mental distress existed long before. The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences. Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled. The history of the race and intelligence controversy concerns the historical development of a debate, concerning possible explanations of group differences encountered in the study of race and intelligence.

This article delineates the history of urban planning, a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation and distribution networks. Human behavior is the responses of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli. Human behaviour genetics is a subfield of the field of behaviour genetics that studies the role of genetic and environmental influences on human behaviour. Human nature is a bundle of fundamental characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—which humans tend to have naturally.

Human—animal communication is the communication observed between humans and other animals, from non-verbal cues and vocalizations through to the use of language. Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence rationalism and empiricism over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the midth century in answer to the limitations of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B.

Skinner's behaviorism. Hypnagogia, also referred to as "hypnagogic hallucinations", is the experience of the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep: the hypnagogic state of consciousness, during the onset of sleep. Hypnosis is a state of human consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion. The hypodermic needle model known as the hypodermic-syringe model, transmission-belt model, or magic bullet theory is a model of communication suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver.

An idiosyncrasy is an unusual feature of a person though there are also other uses, see below. The indeterminacy of translation is a thesis propounded by 20th-century American analytic philosopher W. In media studies, media psychology, communication theory and sociology, media influence and media effects are topics relating to mass media and media culture effects on individual or audience thought, attitudes and behavior.

Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior. Instructional design ID , or instructional systems design ISD , is the practice of creating "instructional experiences which make the acquisition of knowledge and skill more efficient, effective, and appealing". An instructional theory is "a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop. Instrumentalism is one of a multitude of modern schools of thought created by scientists and philosophers throughout the 20th century.

Integral theory is Ken Wilber's attempt to place a wide diversity of theories and thinkers into one single framework. Behavioral marital therapy, sometimes called behavioral couples therapy, has its origins in behaviorism and is a form of behavior therapy. An intelligent tutoring system ITS is a computer system that aims to provide immediate and customized instruction or feedback to learners, usually without requiring intervention from a human teacher.

Intensive interaction is an approach for teaching communication skills to children and adults who have autism, severe learning difficulties and profound and multiple learning difficulties who are still at early stages of development. Interactionism or interactionist dualism is the theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that matter and mind are two distinct and independent substances that exert causal effects on one another.

Internalization or internalisation has different definitions depending on the field that the term is used in. The International Society for Performance Improvement ISPI is a non-profit association for performance improvement professionals dedicated to improving individual, organizational, and societal functioning, productivity, and accomplishment in the workplace. The intrinsic value of an animal refers to the value it possesses in its own right, as an end-in-itself, as opposed to its instrumental value, its value to other animals including human beings.

Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov a; 27 February was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. Jacob Robert Kantor August 8, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — in Chicago, Illinois was a prominent American psychologist who pioneered a naturalistic system in psychology called Interbehavioral Psychology or Interbehaviorism.

Dinsmoor October 4, — August 25, was an influential experimental psychologist who published work in the field of the experimental analysis of behavior. James Hillman April 12, — October 27, was an American psychologist. James Jerome Gibson January 27, — December 11, , was an American psychologist and one of the most important contributors to the field of visual perception. James J. Jenkins July 29, — November 17, , American psychology professor, played a significant role in the development of cognitive psychology. Jean-Patrick Manchette 19 December , Marseille — 3 June , Paris was a French crime novelist credited with reinventing and reinvigorating the genre.

Jerry Alan Fodor April 22, — November 29, was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. Jim Ottaviani is the author of several comic books about the history of science. Joel Greenspoon born October 11, ; died April 24, was an American psychology researcher, professor, and clinician. John Broadus Watson January 9, — September 25, was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. John Bascom Wolfe July 8, — January 5, was an American social and behavioural psychologist best known for his study of the use of a token economy on chimpanzees. John A. Bollinger born is an American author, financial analyst, contributor to the field of technical analysis and the developer of Bollinger Bands.

John Marzillier born is a retired psychotherapist who was described as 'a significant shaper of the profession of clinical psychology' in which he practiced for 37 years. The Judge Rotenberg Center JRC, founded in as the Behavior Research Institute is a residential facility in Canton, Massachusetts, that uses behavioral treatments, methodologies, torture, and educational services to work with children and adults with severe developmental disabilities and emotional or behavioral disorders, through day, residential, and respite programs.

Julian B. Rotter October 22, — January 6, was an American psychologist known for developing influential theories, including social learning theory and locus of control. Julien Offray de La Mettrie November 23, — November 11, was a French physician and philosopher, and one of the earliest of the French materialists of the Enlightenment. Karen Pryor born May 14, is an American author who specialized in behavioral psychology and marine mammal biology.

Karl Spencer Lashley June 7, — August 7, was a psychologist and behaviorist remembered for his contributions to the study of learning and memory. Skinner's book Walden Two. Keller with J. Kinesthetic sympathy is the state of having an emotional attachment to an object when it is in hand which one does not have when it is out of sight. Lance Sweets, Ph. Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by the Linguistic Society of America since Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

The language of thought hypothesis LOTH , sometimes known as thought ordered mental expression TOME , is a view in linguistics, philosophy of mind and cognitive science, forwarded by American philosopher Jerry Fodor. Language pedagogy may take place as a general school subject, in a specialized language school, or out of school with a rich selection of proprietary methods online and in books, CDs and DVDs. Laurence D. Smith October 28, is an American psychologist, historian of psychology, philosopher of science, and emeritus professor at the University of Maine.

The law of effect is a psychological principle advanced by Edward Thorndike in on the matter of behavioral conditioning not then formulated as such which states that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.

Lawrence Kohlberg October 25, — January 19, was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. A learning curve is a graphical representation of how an increase in learning measured on the vertical axis comes from greater experience the horizontal axis ; or how the more someone or thing does something, the better they get at it. Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how students absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Leon Festinger 8 May — 11 February was an American social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory.

Leonard Bloomfield April 1, — April 18, was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the s and the s. Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky p; — June 11, was a Soviet psychologist, the founder of an unfinished theory of human cultural and bio-social development commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychology, a prominent advocate for a new theory of consciousness, the "psychology of superman", and leader of the Vygotsky Circle also referred to as "Vygotsky-Luria Circle". A licensed behavior analyst is a type of behavioral health professional in the United States.

This list of Duke University people includes alumni, faculty, presidents, and major philanthropists of Duke University, which includes three undergraduate and ten graduate schools. This is the list of the fields of doctoral studies in the United States used for the annual Survey of Earned Doctorates, conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago for the National Science Foundation and other federal agencies, as used for the survey. The list of Furman University people includes alumni, faculty, and staff of Furman University. Victor selfishly isolated himself from society and ran away from his responsibilities which caused destruction to the people Victor cared for and loved deeply.

I thought he was a very nice gentleman. I thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat. Showing how Perry did not have anything against the Clutters, he just felt anger and resentment from his past life he lashed out on the first people there. Many people feel pressure to fit in, however when they felt hopeless to ever be accepted as normal, they turn to crime as revenge. Scout got into multiple fights with her classmates because they taunted her father, which allows the readers to assume that Scout does not react to the taunting and teasing really well. Jem, on the other hand, has a higher tolerance level and is able to resist doing anything uncalled for when someone rudely insults Atticus.

This shows that Jem reacts better to the taunting and teasing better than Scout, however, Jem lost his control when Mrs. Dubose called his father rude names in front of him and his sibling. He eventually cuts up and destroys the bushes loitering in her front yard when he passes her house on his way back home. Atticus punishes the two of them and tells his children that it is not necessary to. They are both fighting for the same side, but act violently toward one another for no real reason. The social codes and contracts that society is normally governed by have become arbitrary. The third reason that Atticus should not have defended Tom Robinson is because their Aunt, Uncle, and cousin show disgust.

When Atticus and his family go visit some of their immediate relatives, the tension is evident. Their disgust even rubs off on their only child, Francis, who acts like an annoying fly that you can't swat away simile , taunts Scout with cruel words. So then the cycle continues he was born to treat people racistly and badly like the way he was treated.