Clinical Macula Case Study

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Wet Macular Degeneration Case Study: Mary

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Track the progression of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Elevate ophthalmic imaging. See deeper. Track the progression. Advanced Imaging Network. Download a Clinical Compendium. Study early mechanisms of micro- and neovascularization of the posterior segment from vitreous to sclera. Explore the progression of retinal and choroidal pathology, such as CNV Evaluate the mechanism of retina and choroid response to a therapy. See Image Gallery. Image courtesy of Drs. Image courtesy of K. Ultra-wide 15x15 scan provides a large field of view captured in a single OCT angiography scan High-density OCT angiography scans reveal vasculature details in unparalleled clarity UHD spotlight high detail B-scan up to 16 mm width and 6 mm depth Montage capability to cover a combined field of view of up to 70 degrees.

Download the case study. Download PDF. OCT Imaging. Inclusion Criteria: From January to December consecutive patients undergo pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic fibrovascular proliferation and the medical and surgical records are reviewed. Indications for surgery had been the severe complications of diabetic retinopathy and not the mere presence of macular hole alone. Macular hole is found either preoperatively or during operation. All cases are included in the study have attached retina postoperatively. Exclusion Criteria: Cases with recurrent rhegmatogenous detachment or post-operative dense cataract without lens extraction.

Follow-up duration of patients less than 3 months. Incomplete medical records. Contacts and Locations. Information from the National Library of Medicine To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor. Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.

More Information. Fibrovascular proliferation Internal limiting membrane peeling Macular detachment Macular hole Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. National Library of Medicine U. National Institutes of Health U. Department of Health and Human Services. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Macular Hole Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Study Type :. Actual Enrollment :. Angiotensin II also acts on the adrenal glands and releases aldosterone , which stimulates the epithelial cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase re-absorption of sodium, exchanging with potassium to maintain electrochemical neutrality, and water, leading to raised blood volume and raised blood pressure.

The RAS also acts on the CNS to increase water intake by stimulating thirst , as well as conserving blood volume, by reducing urinary loss through the secretion of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. The normal concentration of renin in adult human plasma is 1. Renin activates the renin—angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver , to yield angiotensin I , which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE , the angiotensin—converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II then constricts blood vessels , increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone , and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, each leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Renin's primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls. The juxtaglomerular cells are also stimulated to release renin by signaling from the macula densa.

The macula densa senses changes in sodium delivery to the distal tubule , and responds to a drop in tubular sodium load by stimulating renin release in the juxtaglomerular cells. Together, the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells comprise the juxtaglomerular complex. In addition, renin and prorenin binding results in phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of ATP6AP2. Mutations in the REN gene can be inherited, and are a cause of a rare inherited kidney disease, so far found to be present in only 2 families. Many—but not all—patients and families with this disease suffer from an elevation in serum potassium and unexplained anemia relatively early in life.

Patients with a mutation in this gene can have a variable rate of loss of kidney function, with some individuals going on dialysis in their 40s while others may not go on dialysis until into their 70s. Model organisms have been used in the study of REN function. Homozygous mutant animals had a decreased heart rate and an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. An over-active renin-angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water. These effects lead to hypertension. Therefore, renin inhibitors can be used for the treatment of hypertension. In current medical practice, the renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system's overactivity and resultant hypertension is more commonly reduced using either ACE inhibitors such as ramipril and perindopril or angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs, such as losartan, irbesartan or candesartan rather than a direct oral renin inhibitor.

The differential diagnosis of kidney cancer in a young patient with hypertension includes juxtaglomerular cell tumor reninoma , Wilms' tumor , and renal cell carcinoma , all of which may produce renin. Renin is usually measured as the plasma renin activity PRA. PRA is measured specially in case of certain diseases that present with hypertension or hypotension. PRA is also raised in certain tumors. Renin was discovered, characterized, and named in by Robert Tigerstedt , Professor of Physiology , and his student, Per Bergman, at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. Kidney Int. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the places in Iran, see Renin, Iran. Not to be confused with rennin , the active enzyme in rennet. Main article: Renin—angiotensin system.

Main article: Renin inhibitor. Further information: Plasma renin activity. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U. National Library of Medicine. Clin Sci Lond. PMID