The Pros And Cons Of European Integration

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EUROPEAN INTEGRATION - Chapter 4 Summary

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These factors eventually provoked a number of stadiums, such as the Kansas City Royals ' Kauffman Stadium , to switch from artificial turf back to natural grass. All other remaining artificial turf stadiums were either converted to third-generation surfaces or were replaced entirely by new natural grass stadiums. In a span of 13 years, between and , the National League went from having half of its teams using artificial turf to all of them playing on natural grass.

With the replacement of Minneapolis's Hubert H. This number grew to three when the Arizona Diamondbacks switched Chase Field to artificial turf for the season; the stadium had grass from its opening in until , but the difficulty of maintaining the grass in the stadium, which has a retractable roof and is located in a desert city, was cited as the reason for the switch. The first professional American football team to play on artificial turf was the Houston Oilers , then part of the American Football League , who moved into the Astrodome in , which had installed AstroTurf two years prior. In , the University of Pennsylvania 's Franklin Field in Philadelphia, at the time also home field of the Philadelphia Eagles , switched from grass to AstroTurf, making it the first National Football League stadium to use artificial turf.

In , CenturyLink Field , originally planned to have a natural grass field, was instead surfaced with FieldTurf upon positive reaction from the Seattle Seahawks when they played on the surface at their temporary home of Husky Stadium during the and seasons. This would be the first of a leaguewide trend taking place over the next several seasons that would not only result in teams already using artificial surfaces for their fields switching to the new FieldTurf or other similar surfaces but would also see several teams playing on grass adopt a new surface. Louis Rams ' Edward Jones Dome were the last two stadiums in the NFL to replace their first-generation AstroTurf surfaces for next-generation ones after the season.

Later examples include Paul Brown Stadium , which went from grass to turf in ; Gillette Stadium , which made the switch in ; [6] and NRG Stadium , which did so in Today, 13 NFL fields out of 30 are artificial. NFL players overwhelmingly prefer natural grass over synthetic surfaces, according to a league survey conducted in When asked, "Which surface do you think is more likely to shorten your career? Arena football is played indoors on artificial turf. Today, eight of the nine stadiums in the Canadian Football League currently use artificial turf, largely because of the harsh weather conditions in the latter-half of the season.

The only one that does not is BMO Field in Toronto, which initially had an artificial pitch and has been shared by the CFL's Toronto Argonauts since however, part of the endzones at that stadium are covered with artificial turf. The last stadium to replace their first-generation artificial surface for a newer one was the Saskatchewan Roughriders ' Taylor Field , which replaced it in ; Taylor Field was the only major professional sports venue in North America to use a second-generation artificial playing surface, OmniTurf, which was used from to Some cricket pitches are made of synthetic grass [10] or of a hybrid of mostly natural and some artificial grass, with these "hybrid pitches" having been implemented across several parts of the United Kingdom [11] and Australia.

The introduction of synthetic surfaces has significantly changed the sport of field hockey. Since being introduced in the s, competitions in western countries are now mostly played on artificial surfaces. This has increased the speed of the game considerably and changed the shape of hockey sticks to allow for different techniques, such as reverse stick trapping and hitting. Field hockey artificial turf differs from artificial turf for other sports, in that it does not try to reproduce a grass "feel", being made of shorter fibers. This shorter fiber structure allows the improvement in speed brought by earlier artificial turfs to be retained.

This development in the game, however, is problematic for many local communities who often cannot afford to build two artificial fields: one for field hockey and one for other sports. The International Hockey Federation and manufacturers are driving research in order to produce new fields that will be suitable for a variety of sports. The use of artificial turf in conjunction with changes in the game's rules e. Some association football clubs in Europe installed synthetic surfaces in the s, which were called "plastic pitches" often derisively in countries such as England. QPR had been the first team to install an artificial pitch at their stadium in , but were the first to remove it when they did so in , as artificial pitches were banned from top-flight then First Division football in Oldham Athletic were forced to follow suit in removing their artificial pitch after their promotion to the First Division in The last Football League team to have an artificial pitch in England was Preston North End, who removed their pitch in after eight years in use.

Artificial turf gained a bad reputation on both sides of the Atlantic with fans and especially with players. The first-generation artificial turf surfaces were carpet-like in their look and feel, and thusly, a far harder surface than grass and soon became known as an unforgiving playing surface that was prone to cause more injuries , and in particular, more serious joint injuries, than would comparatively be suffered on a grass surface. This turf was also regarded as aesthetically unappealing to many fans. In , London football club Queens Park Rangers dug up its grass pitch and installed an artificial one.

Others followed, and by the mids there were four artificial surfaces in operation in the English league. They soon became a national joke: the ball pinged round like it was made of rubber, the players kept losing their footing, and anyone who fell over risked carpet burns. Unsurprisingly, fans complained that the football was awful to watch and, one by one, the clubs returned to natural grass. In the s, many North American soccer clubs also removed their artificial surfaces and re-installed grass, while others moved to new stadiums with state-of-the-art grass surfaces that were designed to withstand cold temperatures where the climate demanded it.

UEFA announced that starting from the —06 season, approved artificial surfaces were to be permitted in their competitions. A full international fixture for the European Championships was played on 17 October between England and Russia on an artificial surface, which was installed to counteract adverse weather conditions, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow. However, UEFA ordered that the European Champions League final hosted in the same stadium in May must take place on grass, so a temporary natural grass field was installed just for the final. UEFA stressed that artificial turf should only be considered an option where climatic conditions necessitate. FIFA designated a star system for artificial turf fields that have undergone a series of tests that examine quality and performance based on a two star system.

In , FIFA launched the Preferred Producer Initiative to improve the quality of artificial football turf at each stage of the life cycle manufacturing, installation and maintenance. These firms have made quality guarantees directly to FIFA and have agreed to increased research and development. In , Estadio Omnilife with an artificial turf opened in Guadalajara to be the new home of Chivas , one of the most popular teams in Mexico. The owner of Chivas, Jorge Vergara , defended the reasoning behind using artificial turf because the stadium was designed to be "environment friendly and as such, having grass would result [in] using too much water.

When Johan Cruyff became the adviser of the team, he recommended the switch to natural grass, which the team did in In November , it was reported that a number of English football clubs were interested in using artificial pitches again on economic grounds. Bromley are an example of an English football club who currently use a third-generation artificial pitch. It was reported that, if Sutton won promotion, they would subsequently be demoted two leagues if they refused to replace their pitch with natural grass. In , the administration of Allianz Parque , home of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras , started the implementation of the second artificial pitch in the country.

The Women's World Cup took place entirely on artificial surfaces, as the event was played in Canada, where almost all of the country's stadiums use artificial turf due to climate issues. This plan garnered criticism from players and fans, some believing the artificial surfaces make players more susceptible to injuries. Over fifty of the female athletes protested against the use of artificial turf on the basis of gender discrimination. However Australia winger Caitlin Foord said that after playing 90 minutes there was no difference to her post-match recovery — a view shared by the rest of the squad. The squad spent much time preparing on the surface and had no problems with its use in Winnipeg. I think grass or turf you can still pull up sore after a game so it's definitely about getting the recovery in and getting it right", Foord said.

The controversial issue of gender equality and an equal playing field for all has sparked debate in many countries around the world. Various celebrities showed their support for the women soccer players in defense of their lawsuit, including actor Tom Hanks , NBA player Kobe Bryant and U. Even with the possibility of boycotts, FIFA 's head of women's competitions, Tatjana Haenni, made it clear that "we play on artificial turf and there's no Plan B.

Rugby also uses artificial surfaces at a professional level. Some fields, including Twickenham Stadium , have incorporated a hybrid field, with grass and synthetic fibers used on the surface. This allows for the field to be much more hard wearing, making it less susceptible to weather conditions and frequent use. Carpet has been used as a surface for indoor tennis courts for decades, though the first carpets used were more similar to home carpets than a synthetic grass. After the introduction of AstroTurf , it came to be used for tennis courts, both indoor and outdoor, though only a small minority of courts use the surface. Tennis courts such as Wimbledon are considering using an artificial hybrid grass to replace their natural lawn courts. Such systems incorporate synthetic fibers into natural grass to create a more durable surface on which to play.

Synthetic turf can also be used in the golf industry, such as on driving ranges, putting greens and even in some circumstances tee boxes. Because of the vast areas of golf courses and the damage from clubs during shots, it is not feasible to surface fairways with artificial turf. Artificial grass is used to line the perimeter of some sections of some motor circuits, and offers less grip than some other surfaces. Since the early s, the use of synthetic grass in the more arid western states of the United States has moved beyond athletic fields to residential and commercial landscaping.

The use of artificial grass for convenience sometimes faces opposition: Legislation frequently seeks to preserve natural gardens and fully water permeable surfaces, therefore restricting the use of hardscape and plantless areas, including artificial turf. In several locations in different countries, homeowners have been fined or forced to remove artificial turf or had to defend themselves in courts. Many of these restrictions can be found in local bylaws and ordinances, and are not always applied in a consistent manner.

Artificial turf has been used at airports. Some artificial turf systems allow for the integration of fiber-optic fibers into the turf. This would allow for runway lighting to be embedded in artificial landing surfaces for aircraft or lighting or advertisements to be directly embedded in a playing surface. Both the rubber granules often made from recycled waste tires and the synthetic fibers of artificial turf are subject to wear and can be washed into the environment. Second only to tire and road wear particles TRWP that make up a large portion of the fine road debris , the rubber granulate from artificial turf infill constitutes a significant source of rubber pollution.

The rubber crumb that makes up the infill of most artificial turf is derived from old tires. These crumbs are known to contain heavy metals, some cancer causing compounds, and many chemicals whose effects are unknown. An epidemiological study was started in and is ongoing. Although most of the debate has centered on whether these exposures cause cancer, there is growing evidence that exposure to these endocrine disrupting chemicals can affect early puberty, obesity, and children's attention spans [60] [61] [62].

Different experts have come to different conclusions. Some say we should take no chances and crumb infill should not be used: "Caution would argue against use of these materials where human exposure is likely, and this is especially true for playgrounds and athletic playing fields where young people may be affected. Restricting the use or availability of all-weather year-round synthetic fields and thereby potentially reducing exercise could, in the long run, actually increase cancer incidence, as well as cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses.

For example, a study for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection analyzed lead and other metals in dust kicked into the air by physical activity on 5 artificial turf fields. The results suggest that even low levels of activity on the field can cause particulate matter containing these chemicals to get into the air where it can be inhaled and be harmful. A report by Yale scientists analyzed the chemicals found in 6 samples of tire crumbs from different companies that install school athletic fields, and 9 different samples taken from 9 unopened bags of rubber mulch. The researchers detected 92 chemicals in the samples.

Some of the chemicals that have been tested for health effects were not examined thoroughly. A number of health and safety concerns have been raised about artificial turf. There is some evidence that periodic disinfection of artificial turf is required as pathogens are not broken down by natural processes in the same manner as natural grass. Despite this, a study suggests certain microbial life is less active in artificial turf. There is evidence showing higher rates of player injury on artificial turf.

By November , the injury toll on first-generation artificial turf had reached a threshold that resulted in congressional hearings by the House subcommittee on commerce and finance. Hershman et al. Artificial turf is a harder surface than grass and does not have much "give" when forces are placed on it. Some granulated rubber is made from recycled car tires and may carry heavy metals which can leach into the water table. As early as , a moratorium on the use of ground-up rubber tires in fields and playgrounds was recommended based on health concerns.

PFAS chemicals have also been found in turf samples, possibly a residual from the extrusion process. The text and its release have been received by the Wikimedia Volunteer Response Team ; for more information, see the talk page. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass. Main article: Tennis court. Further information: Artificial turf—cancer hypothesis. Los Angeles: Petersen Publishing Co. Distillations Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 March Retrieved 22 March Archived from the original on 5 November Retrieved 1 August Archived from the original on 7 November Retrieved 13 October Archived from the original on 19 April Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 15 May Archived from the original on 31 January Saskatchewan Roughriders.

Retrieved 9 May In , the Roughriders replaced the first artificial turf with a new type of system called OmniTurf. Unlike AstroTurf, OmniTurf was an inlay turf system, which relied on tons of sand to hold it in place rather than the traditional glued-down system. Over the years, a number of problems occurred with this system and it eventually became necessary to replace it prior to its usable age being reached. Cricket World. Retrieved 27 November British Plastics and Rubber. Fortunately, you have a few options. Firstly, you can manually migrate various elements of your site. You can copy and paste content across, or transfer data using CSV files.

For example, CSV files can only transfer customers and products, not fully-fledged pages. There are other avenues open, such as using a migration app like Store Importer. Be warned, though — this can be quite costly! If your store is a large one, these last two might be your best options. Instead, Shopify handles protection against cyber threats, runs updates, and meets the compliance requirements for handling online transactions. This makes your life as an online seller much easier than if you had to manage all of these things yourself! All Shopify plans include SSL security. SSL Secure Sockets Layer security encrypts data passing between your customer and your website, and is vital for protecting sensitive information — such as payment details — from hackers.

This stands for the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, and was created to regulate security standards for processing credit and debit card details. Your store is PCI compliant by default, so you can get straight to selling. Shopify automatically takes care of everything, so that you can focus on running your business. Good to Know… One way of creating a backup is by exporting CSV files, which is about as fun as it sounds. Instead, we recommend installing a backup system from the Shopify App Store, such as Rewind , to automate this task and free up your time. In our research process, Shopify came joint-second with Wix, scoring 3. It provides help via various channels, so you can choose whichever works best for you.

The Shopify Help Center has a wealth of information, and you can contact Shopify directly if you need more specific answers to problems. The Shopify Plus plan provides advanced specialist support, giving you your own dedicated support agent. Not all ecommerce builders can claim this. In fact, Shopify is one of the only builders that offer round-the-clock support, with many others only operating within typical work hours. Take a look at the image below for an at a glance look at the top alternatives, or check out the list below for more details. Even better, it takes the crown for ease of use, boasting the highest score of all the platforms we tested.

Trust us — it will really make your products shine! Square Online is best suited to vendors who are selling at a lower volume or own a brick-and-mortar store. It came out on top for the best value for money thanks to its free plan, great features, and by offering the ability to let you start selling — without having to splurge your life savings!.

Shopify is one of the most popular ecommerce builders out there, and for good reason. It comes out near the top of the pack in almost every category of our research, and has something for everyone. Shopify shines the most in its sales and website features, help and support, and customer satisfaction scores, making it a great choice for both beginners and serious sellers. Overall, Shopify has earned its title as the best all-around ecommerce website builder on the market.

Your dreams of selling online are within reach, so get going… then come back and let us know how you got on! Shopify ensures it keeps on top of any and all changes, updating features and releasing new apps constantly, so you can make sure your site stays ahead of the curve. Good question. Wix, similar to other platforms like Squarespace and Weebly, is a website builder that offers ecommerce functionality. Wix actually did very well in our testing and research, earning an overall star rating of 4. However, the easiest way of creating a multilingual Shopify store is by using an app such as Langify or Weglot Translate. Best for Best for Large Online Stores. Overall rating 5 out of 5 stars. Shopify is one of the best ecommerce platforms on the market today, especially if you run a larger business.

You can sell products directly on your website, and across multiple marketplaces and social media. Shopify At A Glance. Does Shopify make your heart beat faster, and stir up ecommerce butterflies in your stomach? We know the feeling. Get to know Shopify better by exploring its website. Take Me to Shopify. Who Can Use Shopify? How Did We Test It? And What Were the Results? You could start building today, if you wanted to! Ease Of Use. Try Shopify For Free. Would you recommend Shopify to anyone else wanting to sell online? Yes, absolutely! How long did it take you to build your store? What do you like most about Shopify and Oberlo? Would you recommend Shopify and Oberlo to others? Think Shopify's Right for You?

I Want to Make a Shopify Store. Getting Started With Shopify Click the image below to expand. The results were generally positive. Will You Enjoy Using Shopify? You can find out today with its day free trial. I Want to Try Shopify Now. Further Information Looking for a helping hand to assist with setting up your Shopify store? No problem! Check out our step-by-step How to Use Shopify guide. Check out the definitive list of the Best Shopify Alternatives to find your perfect match. Looking for something in particular? Shopify has a number of plans, so you can choose one that best suits your needs and budget.

Shopify Plus : custom pricing — for large-scale, enterprise level businesses with huge budgets. No set pricing — instead, you request a custom quote. Shopify Payments and Transaction Fees. Further Information Intrigued by Shopify Payments? Find out more details in our in-depth Shopify Payments Review. Which Plan is Best? Shopify has a range of plans, so take the time to browse them before choosing.

We recommend the Basic Shopify plan for most new sellers. Learn more in our Shopify vs Shopify Plus Review. Shopify Themes Customizing Shopify Themes. The short answer is, yes! Shopify Themes Click the image below to expand. Shopify offers a limited number of free themes, however there are plenty of paid options to invest in once your store is up and running.

This free theme, called Brooklyn, comes in two different styles. These features come with the premium theme called Context, which is a sleek and clean theme that comes in three different styles. Good to Know… Certain themes come with multiple language options , meaning you can easily switch to a different language. Not all themes provide this, so check before you choose. Customizing Shopify Themes. Customizing Your Theme Click the image below to expand. Use the backend editor to add your product descriptions and images, as well as setting prices and stock levels. Seen Enough? Further Information Is it worth investing in a premium theme or even ask for help from a Shopify expert?

Find out in our Shopify Themes. Apps Shopify has over 1, apps in its app store , making it easy to scale up your store whenever you need to. Shipping Shopify lets you manage your shipping options , providing an extensive range of settings for you to control and edit. Dropshipping Dropshipping is a popular way to sell online because it has a low upfront cost and is easier to manage, especially for smaller businesses with less time, space, and money. Product Management Shopify has a full range of product management tools.

Payment Options Shopify supports over different payment gateways. Multi-channel Integration Having an online store is important for any business, and having multi-channel integration is important for any online store! Digital Selling Shopify lets you sell digital goods and services through your online store. Tax Taxes. However, on the whole, this tool is ideal for taking the headaches out of online selling.

Did you know that Shopify recently greenlit CBD sales through its platform? Shopify's sales features are proven to boost ecommerce performance. Shopify outperformed all its competitors when it came to sales features — see the full list to find out why. Sounds Good! Quick Answer: Yes, they will. Shopify has an extensive range of SEO tools that will be more than satisfactory for most stores. For email marketing, you can choose between built-in tools or third party apps. Blogging Shopify does support blogging , giving you a decent range of tools. Email Marketing Shopify does provide built-in email shout outs, although these do require some coding.

Shopify gives you the tools to reach new audiences, run campaigns, and automate your marketing strategies. Shopify has a great range of marketing tools to grow your business. Get Me Started On Shopify. Quick Answer: It depends on how much data you need to move across. There are a number of options to choose from when moving your store to Shopify: you can either do it manually yourself using CSV file imports, or invest in an app or Shopify Expert to help you out. So how easy is it to move your store to Shopify?

Are you ready to move your store over to Shopify today? Let's Get Started! Quick Answer: Yes — Shopify comes with built-in security, complies with all the necessary regulations, and even updates your site for you to keep everything running safely. You can add apps for extra peace of mind, but always make sure to create regular backups of your site. Security Support. Top Shopify Alternatives. Further Information Could Wix be the perfect choice for your store? Find out in our Wix eCommerce Review. Not sure about the differences between Wix and Shopify? We reveal all in our Wix vs Shopify comparison.

Square Online Square Online is best suited to vendors who are selling at a lower volume or own a brick-and-mortar store. Read our BigCommerce vs Shopify comparison to see these builders go head to head. Further Information Read our Volusion Review to find out more about its features, pricing, and more. Check out our Volusion vs Shopify comparison for a side by side look at both builders. Who do we recommend Shopify for? Are You Ready to Try Shopify? Shopify won the title of best ecommerce builder, but will it win your vote?

Try it free for 14 days and see if you agree! Take me to Shopify. Why should I use Shopify over hiring a web developer? Can you create a multilingual Shopify store? Website Builder Expert aims to provide you with honest data. Click here for further information. Alan 11 months ago. Hi, I'm based in the UK and i'm considering moving my cbd ecommerce store over to Shopify as they have given cbd the green light. Do Shopify accept payments for cbd products through their own Shopify payment option? Many thanks. Hannah Whitfield 11 months ago.

Hi Alan, I've just has a quick look and it doesn't seem like you can use Shopify Payments for this unfortunately, but have cited Digipay and eMerchant Brokers as third-party options you can integrate with. Worth checking out this Shopify guide for more info! Thanks, Hannah. This article was so informative. I'm new to ecommerce and your article answered a lot of questions I had about Shopify.

Thank you. Andrea 2 years ago. Callistus President 2 years ago. Hi there, Just came across shopify. I have set up an account and will be testing it for the next 14 days. Quick question. My main market is in europe Spain. Can the system do translations between english and the other european languages, especially spanish? And can the description be displayed in the host country i am in Lucy Carney 2 years ago. Hi there, thanks for your comment. I hope you're enjoying your free trial with Shopify! The easiest way to translate your Shopify store would be to use a translation app from the Shopify app store like Weglot Translate or Langify, for example.

Both of these let you automatically redirect your store to your visitor's preferred language, and you can translate your store into one or more different languages including Spanish. I hope this helps, and best of luck with Shopify! Best, Lucy. Bernadette 2 years ago. I am very new to web building. Do I need a business license to sell my products? Hi Bernadette, First of all, welcome to the web building world! That's a great question, and I'm really sorry to say I can't actually give you a definite answer. It depends totally on what you'll be selling, and exactly where you're selling from. It's definitely worth checking with your local authorities to make sure you end up with the right license, if you need one at all!