Immigrants And The Puritans: The Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Puritan Reformers and the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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They valued generosity rather than hoarding their assets, and the chiefs acquired honor through feasting and entertaining other chiefs. Theft was unknown. No one starved unless everyone starved. Native Peoples developed different strategies for dealing with the European settlers who began descending on their land in the seventeenth century. Some resisted, some fled their traditional homelands, and some made compromises. While the Native Americans tried to make political alliances with the colonists, the Europeans were more interested in grabbing as much land as possible.

They lived in different areas during the year, depending on the season. Their mobile lifestyle meant that their homes had none of the possessions that were the sign of status in Europe. Using matting, bark and pelts, they lived in easily built lodges. Relationships between the two groups were troubled by disagreements over land use and land rights. Part of the problem stemmed from their different attitudes toward land ownership. To the New England Natives, selling land did not mean granting exclusive, eternal ownership to the buyer.

It simply involved accepting a new neighbor and sharing their resources. The Puritans, though, were committed to private property ownership, and expected the Natives to immediately and permanently vacate their land upon its sale. Trade had an equally significant impact. To make a profit, the colonies had to export materials back to England. These included furs, which were very valuable in Europe.

In exchange for furs, the colonists gave the Native Americans metal implements, such as axe-heads and knives. But instead of the native style of warfare, which took hostages but had few casualties, the Europeans massacred the Native Americans, including women and children. These terror tactics shocked the First Nation people. Captain John Underhill chronicled the Pequot War of in his News from America , providing a sketch of the Puritans, along with their Narragansett allies, encircling and destroying a Pequot village. Former Puritan allies like the Narragansetts banded together with other Algonquian tribes to oppose the English.

She reserves a special hatred for Native Americans who had experienced Christian conversion—whom she called Praying Indians. Prior to the start of the war, a number of praying towns had been established within Massachusetts Bay where natives were living peacefully with their English neighbors. During the winter of , the Massachusetts Bay Colony decreed that the inhabitants of the praying towns must be relocated.

There they boarded three vessels and were transported to the islands in the Boston harbor. The majority of those relocated were taken to Deer Island where they were incarcerated. Historical records indicate that as many as one-half of these Native Americans died of starvation, exposure, and lack of medical care in what have been called concentration camps.

English victories in both of those wars and the ravaging effects of European diseases resulted in the depletion of Native American populations in New England, and enabled the Puritans to seize most of the remaining Indian lands in the region. By , there were 52, colonists in New England, and they already outnumbered the indigenous people by three to one. But some written accounts, pictographs, archaeological evidence, and transcriptions of oral traditions survive to give an indication of what Indians thought about the English settlers in New England. Some of the most interesting records that remain were at Natick, a praying town east of Boston.

Established in by missionary John Eliot, Natick consisted of English-style homesteads, three streets, a bridge across the Charles River, and a meetinghouse, which housed the school and the governing body. The Indian residents of Natick were taught to read and write in their native language of Massachuset , using letters from the Roman alphabet. In the colony of Pennsylvania, William Penn and the Quakers demonstrated that Indian-European relations did not have to be based on intolerance or violence.

Penn showed respect for Native American culture, pledged to treat Native Americans as equals, and acknowledged their land rights. As a result of their commitment to tolerance and mutual respect, the Quakers and their Native American neighbors lived in peace for over half a century. I really thank you for such courage to bring these facts alive to history. Not necessarily, it is recorded that the Natives wanted peace to begin with, because it was in their religion, but when you take their land, kill their people, and completely desecrate them, people tend to get a little crappy. The settlers took away their way of life and land.

I would like to say the settlers are in the wrong here. This is a sad and deprave legacy of the Europeans. Steal and murder and impose their savage ways and diseases on innocent. Its that each society of people came from polar opposite cultures. They became the pariah of the wilderness — dark, insidious predators biting at the heels of civilization. They had a price on their heads from almost the moment of contact with the English colonists. Well nourished on deer meat, this thriving wolf population was unfortunately not discerning enough to know a domesticated animal from their wild prey.

When they began to add pork, beef, and mutton to their diet, it was not tolerated. In Salem Village was rimmed by a set of wolf traps. The last wolf bounty in Massachusetts was paid in the nineteenth century at the end of a successful eradication program that took over years to complete. The population of Boston continued to grow in the 17th and early 18th century, despite small-pox outbreaks in , and By , Boston had over 13, residents. From the moment they landed in the New World, the Massachusetts Bay colonists worked tirelessly to establish a government that was not only efficient but one that also reflected their personal and religious ideals, according to the book Massachusetts: Mapping the Bay State Through History:.

They moved quickly to establish their political and religious — and eventually, geographical — authority, with confidence based on their religious faith and the later economic success that they took as a sign of divine consent. Religion and government were deeply intertwined in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and only the most devout Puritans could participate in governmental affairs, according to the book Politics and Religion in the United States:. The civil government had authority over everyone in the community, but was controlled by the minority of the population that had achieved full church membership.

The Puritans were highly intolerant of other religions and came to the New World specifically to escape religious persecution and create their own community where they could live only among like-minded people. However, as Quakers kept coming, harsher punishments were introduced for them, such as cutting off their ears or boring a hole in their tongues with a hot iron — and then banishing them. Between and , four Quakers were put to death by the Puritans. It appeared that the persecution would become even more deadly; however, in , King Charles II intervened and prohibited any corporal punishment of Quakers.

After the establishment of the English Commonwealth in , the colonists also declared Massachusetts a commonwealth, although they had no authority to do so. The Cromwell government in control of England at the time did little to respond to this move. The list of violations included establishing religious laws, discriminating against Anglicans and Quakers and running an illegal mint. Andros immediately set to work proposing new taxes, pushing aside the General Council and forbidding town meetings. In April of , when word reached Boston that King James II had been overthrown by William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of , a mob formed in Boston and they quickly seized and ousted the royal officials and put the former Puritan leadership back in power.

In , a compromise was made over the unpopular Dominion of New England and a new charter was issued. This new charter united the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony and Maine Colony into one single colony, known as the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and called for a Royal Governor and elected assembly to be established. This caused much anxiety among the colonists. The Puritans started to worry that their religion, and they themselves, were once again under attack.

This fear and anxiety is considered to be one of the many underlying causes that sparked the Salem Witch Trials in A series of unpopular taxes and acts that were intended to make money off of the colony, such as the Stamp Act of , the Declaratory Act and the Townshend Act, sparked massive protests and backlash from the colonists and eventually set the American Revolution into motion. By the midth century, Massachusetts Bay Colony had grown into a successful colony with a large trade industry that exported fish, lumber and farm products to Europe. Yet, in the early years, the colony not only struggled to supply enough of these products to meet the demand in Europe but was actually hesitant to engage in trade with Europe at all, fearing it would hurt the health, autonomy and independence of the colony, according to the book Building the Bay Colony:.

Things quickly changed though in when the colony suffered its first economic depression and the settlers decided to pursue the exportation of its goods, especially beef, to Europe and the West Indies, according to the book Disguised as the Devil:. Starting in , Boston merchants began to engage in the Triangle Trade, a three-stop trade route in which merchants imported slaves from Africa, sold them in the West Indies and then bought cane sugar to bring back to Massachusetts to make molasses and rum. Some Massachusetts merchants, such as Captain John Turner, who built the House of Seven Gables in Salem, chose to skip importing slaves from Africa and instead sold fish to plantation owners in the West Indies as food for the slaves and then bought cane sugar from these same plantation owners to import to Massachusetts.

Many wealthy Massachusetts colonists also bought and sold slaves themselves for household labor in Massachusetts. In fact, in , Massachusetts became the first state in the North American colonies to make slavery legal when John Winthrop helped write a law allowing slavery in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. To see a timeline of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, check out the following article on the Massachusetts Bay Colony timeline. Sources: Hutchinson, Thomas. The History of Massachusetts. Richardson, Moe, Barbara A. Rosen Publishing Group, Drymon, M. Wythe Avenue Press, Matthew Wilson. Politics and Religion in the United States.

Routledge, Virga, Vincent and Dan Spinella. Morris Book Publishing, McWilliams, James E. University of Virginia Press, Hall, Albert Harrison. Cambridge Historical Society, Awesome information on this colony but want to know if there are books on this colony and its people because I am descendent of Robert Abell, who came with the Winthrop Fleet. I love this website. It has lots of information about the history of Massachusetts. Between I will get 10 out of this.