Latino Discrimination
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Hispanics with darker skin are more likely to experience discrimination than those with lighter skin. One-third of Asian Americans fear threats, physical attacks and most say violence against them is rising. Racial, gender wage gaps persist in U. Blacks with college experience more likely to say they faced discrimination. The raid was just one incident in a long history of discrimination against Latino people in the United States. Since the s, anti-Latino prejudice has led to illegal deportations, school segregation and even lynching—often-forgotten events that echo the civil-rights violations of African-Americans in the Jim Crow-era South. With that land came new citizens.
The Mexicans who stayed in what was now U. As the 19th century wore on, political events in Mexico made emigration to the United States popular. This was welcome news to American employers like the Southern Pacific Railroad, which desperately needed cheap labor to help build new tracks. The railroad and other companies flouted existing immigration laws that banned importing contracted labor and sent recruiters into Mexico to convince Mexicans to emigrate.
Anti-Latino sentiment grew along with immigration. Latinos were barred entry into Anglo establishments and segregated into urban barrios in poor areas. Though Latinos were critical to the U. Anglo-Americans treated them as a foreign underclass and perpetuated stereotypes that those who spoke Spanish were lazy, stupid and undeserving. In some cases, that prejudice turned fatal. Mob violence against Spanish-speaking people was common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, according to historians William D.
Carrigan and Clive Webb. They estimate that the number of Latinos killed by mobs reach well into the thousands, though definitive documentation only exists for cases. At the time, white miners begrudged former Mexicans a share of the wealth yielded by Californian mines—and sometimes enacted vigilante justice. In , for example, a mob of vigilantes accused Josefa Segovia of murdering a white man. After a fake trial, they marched her through the streets and lynched her. Over 2, men gathered to watch, shouting racial slurs. Others were attacked on suspicion of fraternizing with white women or insulting white people.
Even children became the victims of this violence. Rather than let him serve time in jail, townspeople lynched him and dragged his body through the streets of Thorndale, Texas. These and other horrific acts of cruelty lasted until the s, when the Mexican government began pressuring the United States to stop the violence. But though mob brutality eventually quelled, hatred of Spanish-speaking Americans did not. In the late s, anti-Mexican sentiment spiked as the Great Depression began. As the stock market tanked and unemployment grew, Anglo-Americans accused Mexicans and other foreigners of stealing American jobs.
Mexican-Americans were discouraged and even forbidden from accepting charitable aid. As fears about jobs and the economy spread, the United States forcibly removed up to 2 million people of Mexican descent from the country—up to 60 percent of whom were American citizens. Sometimes, private employers drove their employees to the border and kicked them out. In other cases, local governments cut off relief, raided gathering places or offered free train fare to Mexico.
Though no formal decree was ever issued by immigration authorities, INS officials deported about 82, people during the period. The impact on Spanish-speaking communities was devastating. Some light-skinned Mexican-Americans attempted to pass themselves off as Spanish, not Mexican, in an attempt to evade enforcement. People with disabilities and active illnesses were removed from hospitals and dumped at the border.
His wife refused to accompany him and the family never saw him again. Though both the state of California and the city of Los Angeles apologized for repatriation in the early s, the deportations have largely faded from public memory. Another little-remembered facet of anti-Latino discrimination in the United States is school segregation. Unlike the South, which had explicit laws barring African American children from white schools, segregation was not enshrined in the laws of the southwestern United States. Nevertheless, Latino people were excluded from restaurants, movie theaters and schools. At first, the schools were set up to serve the children of Spanish-speaking laborers at rural ranches.
Soon, they spread into cities, too.
