Religious Symbols In Public Places

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55 Religious Symbols Explained

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Religion in public schools has long been a controversial issue. The U. Supreme Court ruled in that teachers and administrators cannot lead prayers in public schools, and a decision in barred school districts from sponsoring student-led prayers at football games. At the same time, the court has held that students retain a First Amendment right to the free exercise of religion and may voluntarily pray before, during and after school. Where exactly to draw the line between constitutionally protected religious activity and impermissible state-sponsored religious indoctrination remains under dispute. This year, the Supreme Court declined to hear a case involving a high school coach who was fired for leading prayer after games, just one of several recent controversies in this area of law.

While periodic battles continue in the courts, what is the day-to-day experience of students in public schools across the country? A new Pew Research Center survey asked a nationally representative sample of more than 1, teenagers ages 13 to 17 about the kinds of religious activity they engage in — or see other students engaging in — during the course of the school day.

This includes about half of teenage public schoolers who live in the South, where students are more likely than those in other regions to witness and partake in various religious expressions at school. In addition, roughly half of U. About a quarter of teens who attend public schools say they often or sometimes see students invite other students to religious youth groups or worship services. The survey also asked about two kinds of teacher-led, classroom activities.

In addition to asking about what they have seen in school, the survey also asked teens who identify with a religion and attend a public school whether they personally participate in religious expressions in their school. Roughly three-in-ten or fewer say they regularly wear jewelry or clothing with religious symbols, pray before lunch, invite other students to worship services or a youth group, or leave school during the day to participate in religious activities.

The vast majority say that as far as they know, there is no such group in their school. An experience that is more common in American schools — both public and private — is bullying. The majority of U. These are among the key findings of a survey of 1, U. The survey was administered using the Ipsos KnowledgePanel and asked questions of both a teenager and one of their parents; this report focuses on the responses of the teens. For more information on how this survey was conducted, see the Methodology. While several previous surveys have examined the religious lives of teenagers, this is the first large-scale, nationally representative survey asking teens a series of questions about their own practices and perceptions regarding religious expressions in public schools.

This topic is important to the broader study of religion in American society because of the friendships adolescents form in their classes and the way they experience religion in public spaces during some of their most formative years. The survey included teens from many religious backgrounds, including non-Christian faiths, such as Judaism, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. However, the sample of 1, teens did not include enough teens in those religious groups — or in some of the smaller Christian traditions, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sometimes called Mormons or the historically black Protestant tradition — to allow their views to be analyzed and reported separately.

The sample size is sufficient, though, to allow separate analysis of Catholic, evangelical Protestant, mainline Protestant and religiously unaffiliated teens. However, the type of school adolescents attend tends to vary depending on their self-described religious background. Most of the analyses in this report are limited to teenagers who attend a public school. When it comes to experiences with religion in a school environment, adolescents who attend religious schools or are home-schooled are much different from those who do not, and the survey did not include sufficiently large samples of students who attend religious private schools, or who are being home-schooled, to compare these groups with teenagers who go to public schools.

Some religious expressions are relatively common in public schools. Other religious activities and expressions are less common. This means that large majorities of U. Religiously affiliated teens are more likely than unaffiliated teens to say they at least sometimes see each of the five types of religious activities or expressions in school. There also are differences among religiously affiliated teens. It is not completely clear what accounts for such large differences in what adolescents see in their schools.

It is possible that the tendency to have religiously similar friendship circles see here affects what students see. Yet another factor is that certain groups are concentrated in parts of the country where religious expressions may be more or less common. Indeed, geographic region of residence is also associated with how likely teens are to witness religious activities and expressions in school.

Teens in the South — where adults, on average, are more religious than in other regions — are particularly likely to report seeing religious expressions in school. Public school students in the South also are more likely than those in other regions to report seeing students pray before sporting events and wear clothing or jewelry with religious symbols. There also are gender, age, and racial and ethnic differences in what adolescents experience in school. Girls are more likely than boys to see students wearing religious jewelry or clothing as well as more likely to see students inviting other students to religious services or youth group.

And white non-Hispanic teens are more likely than nonwhite teens to see students inviting other students to youth groups or services. Since then, the approval of insignia to represent chaplains of other faith groups has been made jointly by of all branches of the United States Armed Forces. However, while the designs for the insignia are the same for all services, the Air Force categorizes the insignia as " occupational badges ," with different "wear use" rules than the other services. Additionally, while the Civil Air Patrol chaplain program is a separate organization than the USAF Chaplain Corps, it was established in under the guidance of the Air Force chief of chaplains and "is modeled after the Air Force Chaplain Service," and follows the same rules for faith group insignia.

Other than the short period — when all army chaplains wore the Shepherd's Crook, the Latin cross also referred to as the "Christian cross" has been the symbol for all Christian chaplains, regardless of denomination, although in some other nation's military forces, separate symbols are used for some Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant Chaplains, and sometimes for specific groups within the larger Protestant faith group, such as Calvinist Chaplains, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs includes a number of different denominational versions of the cross on gravestones in veterans cemeteries.

But because the Savior lives, we do not use the symbol of His death as the symbol of our faith," and therefore "The only members of the Church who wear the symbol of the cross are Latter-day Saint chaplains, who wear it on their military uniforms to show that they are Christian chaplains. In , Michael Hiles, a clergyman reporting for training as a Navy chaplain candidate identified himself as a Messianic Jew a Jew who accepts Christian theological views regarding Jesus, including the changes to Judaism such beliefs entail , requesting that he still be permitted to wear the insignia of a Jewish chaplain. The Jewish Chaplain insignia made up of two tablets of the Ten Commandments, with ten Roman numerals symbolizing the commandments, and with the six-pointed Star of David above the tablets, was adopted for Jewish army chaplains in , and for Jewish naval chaplains in The original Army description did not specifically reference a star per se , but instead read "a double Tablet bearing numerals from I to X, surmounted by two equilateral Triangles interlaced.

On August 5, , Navy Chief of Chaplains Rear Admiral Ross Trower convened a blue ribbon panel made up of Jewish chaplains to consider the "beneficial suggestion" made to the Navy to change the Roman numerals to Hebrew letters. The Jewish Chaplain Corps device as it now appears, with Roman numerals representing the Ten Commandments, has been worn with pride by all previous and present Jewish chaplains. It is felt, however, that a change to Hebrew characters at this time would be unanimously and enthusiastically received by Jewish chaplains and Jewish personnel as a source of still greater pride, reflecting as it would a more significant and authentic representation of a heritage and faith eternally related to Hebrew as the language of the Old Testament and the prophets [33].

The President of the Navy Uniform Board approved the change on December 17, , [33] with the army and air force quickly approving the change as well. Note that the Roman numeral version read left to right, with the first five numerals on the left tablet and the second five on the right; the Hebrew reads right to left, with the first five numerals on the right and the second five on the left, as per Jewish tradition. Jewish tradition states that the tablets had flat tops and may even have been square instead of rectangular, but the Christian-influenced rectangular tablets with round tops is nonetheless very frequently found in Jewish art and synagogues, and was not objected to here either.

The new insignia was authorized for wear from , with a grace period authorized to allow Jewish chaplains to make the required uniform changes by January 1, Shoulder boards with "shepherd's crook," the first specific United States Navy Jewish chaplain insignia. On December 14, , the Army Chief of Chaplains requested that an insignia be created for future Muslim chaplains, and the design a crescent was completed January 8, As of , a Hindu faith community endorsing agency was approved by the Department of Defense and began to seek volunteers to serve as Hindu chaplains in the United States military.

As part of the study, insignias used by Hindu chaplains in other militaries were studied, such as the insignia authorized August 22, for the first Hindu chaplain to serve in the South African military: a lamp deepa and flame. According to Chaudhary, the first Hindu chaplain was army Captain Pratima Dharm, who holds degrees in psychology and theology, and is already serving on active duty at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Army chaplain. This continues our Army's enduring commitment to the free exercise of religion for our Nation's sons and daughters, including the hundreds of Hindu soldiers serving in our ranks. The Army Chaplain Assistant Badge was authorized in , incorporating cupped hands representing support given to the chapel and its programs, and a chapel door symbolizing "a welcome to all worshippers.

The rating badge for navy religious program specialists RP includes a compass rose, a globe, and an anchor. The air force has three levels of badges: other than the basic badge, there is a Chaplain Assistant Badge-Senior, and a Chaplain Assistant Badge-Master. Each one is based on level of training and qualifications. The badge was established September 1, , and the design was based on the USAF chaplain theme, "Live by faith.

In addition to chaplain insignia, Department of Defense instructions on the "Accommodation of religious practices within the military services" state that "chaplains may wear any religious apparel or accouterments with the uniform while conducting worship services and during the performance of rites and rituals associated with their religious faith. While in the past, religious items to support chaplains and chapel programs were made available by individual service organizations such as the Army Service Forces, today a chaplain is attached full-time to the Defense Logistics Agency , with a mission statement that reads:.

Provide military religious support logistics to America's Armed Forced across the full spectrum of operations by managing a world-class Ecclesiastical Supply Program to the Armed Forces, supporting the religious requirements and spirituals well-being of Defense Logistics Agency personnel world-wide. In addition to military-issue religious vestments to be worn by chaplains during worship services or religious rites, United States Army Chief of Chaplains Charles Brown had a lapel pin created during the s showing the Army Chaplain Corps seal then with symbols of Christian and Jewish chaplains for chaplains to wear with civilian clothing, in the same way some civilians wore lapel pins with their college seals.

In addition to special religious apparel rules for chaplains and worshipers during religious services or rites, military instructions also authorize all military personnel to wear "articles of clothing worn as part of the doctrinal or traditional observance of the religious faith practiced by the member," as long as they are worn under the uniform in a way that makes them "not visible or apparent" such as some Mormon undergarments or Jewish apparel that can be worn under outer clothing ; or, if they are visible, the articles of clothing must be "neat and conservative. Code, Section 3. Procedures for considering requests for waivers to allow religious apparel have been established by each service, such as the "Religious Apparel Waivers" table published in Air Force Instruction , "Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel.

The various branches of the military have added different color requirements for religious head coverings, sometimes so that they blend more with uniform colors. Jewelry with religious meaning or symbolism is also authorized, providing it meets the "neat, conservative, and discreet" requirement, and generally follows the rules for any jewelry that can be worn with a military uniform. Tattoos that "advocate religious discrimination" are listed among prohibited tattoos for military personnel. All branches of the United States military currently prohibit beards, although some mustaches are allowed, [59] based on policies that were initiated during the period of World War I.

According to Professor Penny Jolly, who has studied "social trends in appearance," beards "were eliminated in the US military in WWI due to the need to wear gas masks. Razors were issued in GI kits, so men could shave themselves on the battlefield. Remedial action was taken by immediately shaving the faces and cutting the hair of all inductees upon their arrival. Historically beards were commonplace in the United States military, and as one report states "it is harder to find a picture of a general from the American Civil War "without a beard than with one. From —, the United States Navy briefly restored beards.

Those demeaning or abrasive regulations generally referred to in the fleet as "Mickey Mouse" or "Chicken" regs have, in my judgment, done almost as much to cause dissatisfaction among our personnel as have extended family separation and low pay scales. I desire to eliminate many of the most abrasive policies, standardize others which are inconsistently enforced, and provide some general guidance which reflects my conviction that if we are to place the importance and responsibility of "the person" in proper perspective in the more efficient Navy we are seeking, the worth and personal dignity of the individual must be forcefully reaffirmed. The policy changes below are effective immediately and will be amplified by more detailed implementing directives to be issued separately.

It appears that my predecessor's guidance in May on the subject of haircuts, beards and sideburns is insufficiently understand and, for this reason, I want to restate what I believed to be explicit: in the case of haircuts, sideburns, and contemporary clothing styles, my view is that we must learn to adapt to changing fashions. I will not countenance the rights or privileges of. Religious laws and traditions regarding grooming have made both hair and beards visible religious symbols for many faith groups, including Sikhs for whom " Kesh ," "unshorn hair," is one of the " Five Ks "—5 compulsory "articles of faith" for baptized Sikhs. United States military instructions note that "hair and grooming practices required or observed by religious groups are not included within the meaning of religious apparel," [71] and therefore do not fall under the overall religious accommodation guidance that authority to approve requests are normally given to individual commands, as specified by each service although denials of requests are subject to review at the "Service Headquarters level".

Some military spokespersons have cited concerns that beards might interfere with gas masks, but those in favor of beards have challenged those concerns, [80] and some experts note that the application of vaseline to the beard can provide the mask's required seal. Other military representatives have said that religious accommodation requests to waive the prohibition for beards could be considered on a case-by-case basis, but only from those already in the military. Some changes in military regulations are making it easier for civilian clergy with beards who hold reserve commissions as chaplains to report for short periods of active duty without shaving off their beards.

One example of visible religious apparel cited in the instructions as authorized, provided it passes the "neat and conservative" test, is the kippah skullcap worn by some Jewish personnel, referred to in some military directives by the Yiddish word, "yarmulke. Weinberger , involving an orthodox rabbi who was serving in the air force as a psychologist, not a chaplain, who had been told to remove his kippa. Resnicoff's report of the bombing, written at the request of the White House , and read in April as a keynote speech by President Ronald Reagan , explained the symbolism of Pucciarelli's actions and this kippah:.

Somehow he wanted those Marines to know not just that we were chaplains, but that he was a Christian and that I was Jewish. Somehow we both wanted to shout the message in a land where people were killing each other—at least partially based on the differences in religion among them—that we, we Americans still believed that we could be proud of our particular religions and yet work side by side when the time came to help others, to comfort, and to ease pain. This story of this "camouflage kippah"—its symbolism in terms of Judaism as a sign of reverence and its symbolism in the military as a sign of interfaith cooperation and respect—was retold at many levels, [91] including another occasion involving President Reagan, during a White House visit of the "American Friends of Lubavitch.

Rabbi Abraham Shemtov responded, "Mr. President, the kippah to us is a sign of reverence," and one of his colleagues, Rabbi Feller, continued, 'We place the kippah on the very highest point of our being—on our head, the vessel of our intellect—to tell ourselves and the world that there is something which is above man's intellect—the infinite Wisdom of God. Although a number of military instructions use the Jewish headcovering as an example—noting factors that must be met to qualify under the "neat and conservative" requirement—the same criteria for permission apply to head coverings regardless of the faith of the military person requesting permission: "Religious headgear that meets these criteria is authorized irrespective of the faith group from which it originates.

Sikh turban and grooming requirements have a unique history in terms of religious accommodation because they were allowed, then disallowed, and finally allowed once again, at least for some specific individual cases, as of Wickham, Jr. United States Army Regulation grants permission to personnel who received waivers to grooming standards for beards or long hair prior to January 1, to continue on active duty for as long as they are "otherwise qualified for retention. Singh, continued under this "grandfather clause" until their retirements in for Sekhon and for Singh. He says he's gotten a positive response from other officers in training.

Other Sikhs have since been granted permission as well, including Captain Kamaljeet Singh Kalsi, an Army doctor who told the story of how his first sergeant "pulled him out of the crowd" on his first day of training at Fort Sam Houston, to tell the other soldiers about the "long ordeal" Kalsi endured in order to enlist. While Rattan and Kalsi are both officers, in , Army Specialist Simranpreet Lamba became the first enlisted man to be granted a waiver for his beard and turban as Sikh "articles of faith" in 26 years. That's why it's been my childhood dream to always be in the armed forces. And I'm really happy that my childhood dream came true. And I'm a proud U. Army Soldier today. Army spokesperson Major General Gina Farrisse stated that each religious accommodation request regarding grooming will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis, rather than considering the right "a blanket accommodation for any other individual" [] Speaking of the permission given to Kalsi, Major General Farrisse noted that Kalsi's "beard, shorn hair, and turban will be neat and well maintained at all times.

As of June , similar waivers of military grooming policies, allowing beards, have been granted to at least two Muslim soldiers. The right of Muslims to keep beards is an issue that has been discussed in other nations, including India. But that doesn't mean the beard has to be of an inordinate length. Individual institutions may have its own rules, but we cannot neglect our allegiance to the Almighty. Beginning in , Orthodox rabbi Menachem Stern has requested similar permission to wear a beard to allow him to serve as a Jewish chaplain, ultimately filing suit December 8, , in Federal Court in Washington, D.

Stern v. Secretary of the Army , cv alleging discrimination on the part of the Army for refusing to allow him to serve as a chaplain without shaving his beard. Nathan Lewin, the lead counsel for Stern's lawsuit, had represented Rabbi Michell Geller, an Air Force chaplain, in a similar case in An Army Times editorial praised military decisions regarding religious needs in the case of Sikhs and Muslims, and strongly urged the Army to take the same policy regarding Jews for whom a beard was a faith requirement:.

There are more than religions represented in the Army ranks, including Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims and Wiccans. Many have special grooming or clothing standards that conflict with Army regulations. When the Army cleared the Sikhs to serve, it seemed the service was acknowledging the new multicultural age emerging in this country, in which diverse religious practices and cultural customs are being more widely assimilated into the workplace.

Wherever Army leadership can allow soldiers to adhere to such practices and customs without conflicting with safety, the mission, or good order and discipline, it should do so. That would better reflect the larger society the Army serves. Army Reserve approved his application to serve as a reserve chaplain, agreeing to retain the waiver. Goldstein's nephew, Rabbi Chesky Tenenbaum, was granted a waiver to serve in the Maryland Defense Force , a state military organization that primarily provides support to the Maryland National Guard.

Many observant Jews follow opinions by religious authorities who do not see beards as an absolute religious requirement, and at least one Orthodox rabbi, Shmuel Felzenberg, from the community known as Chabad —a group for whom beards are normally considered required—made the decision to shave a very difficult decision for him, he admits in order to serve as a military chaplain after discussing the matter with the rabbi he considers his teacher and mentor. However, for many other religiously observant Jews, even such compromises are unacceptable—because for them the prohibition is "non-negotiable". The Army had argued that religious accommodation non-shaving waivers that have been granted since to Sikhs and Muslims cannot serve as precedents for Stern's request because the former are "temporary" and "assignment specific", can be rescinded at any time based on military necessity, and were granted to applicants who had already begun military service, whereas Stern is requesting a "blanket waiver" as a prerequisite for his service as a chaplain.

The basic Department of Defense Instruction on accommodation of military practices in the United States military was amended as of January 22, In addition to religious apparel worn based on faith group requirements, the military ID tag, nicknamed "dog tag," is the one government-issued uniform item that indicates the religion of military personnel. Two tags, each on a separate chain, are worn around the neck under the uniform, and in the case of death one is removed for record keeping and one is left on the body.

Individuals can also wear a small religious symbol, such as a cross or Star of David either personal or government-issue , on the ID chain, for personal reasons or to make speedy religious identification easier. The practice of keeping some tag or mark for identification in case of serious injury or death seems to have begun in the Civil War, when Americans first made them themselves and later were able to purchase commercially made tags, when civilian groups realized there might be a "market" for such items.

In the Army made the tags official and required and ten years later, July 6, , changed to the two tag requirement. Eisenhower to say that he had tried unsuccessfully to have an "M" for Muslim added to his dog tags, and recommending that "M" for "Muslim" or "I" for "Islam" be added to the religious choices for future soldiers. Moslems in fight for recognition. Today, military personnel can list any religion on their ID tags, [] and today's tags spell out religions and belief systems such as Wicca that would have fallen under the "X" "other" category on WWII tags [] or " Atheist ," [] that most likely would have been classified as "Y," for "no religious preference. ID Tag Content C. Fifth line. Record the religious preference of the member.

If possible, spell out the preference. Some churches, like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints LDS , provide information to members entering the military, stressing the importance of listing their religions correctly on ID tags. While tags can be purchased commercially, military personnel programs allow only for certain selections. The Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers MAAF calls the regulations pertaining to religion on ID tags "an immediate and constant source of discrimination in the military for many soldiers.

Ironically, although the ID tags include religion as a way of ensuring that religious needs will be met, some personnel have them issued or reissued without religious affiliation listed—or keep two sets, one with the designation and one without—out of fear that identification as a member of a particular religion could increase the danger to their welfare or their lives if they fell into enemy hands. Some Jewish personnel avoided flying over German lines during WWII with ID tags that indicated their religion, and some Jewish personnel avoid the religious designation today out of concern that they could be captured by extremists who are anti-semitic.

In the Navy, when a chaplain leads a shipboard worship service, a "worship pennant" showing the Chaplain insignia of that chaplain's faith group is flown, over the United States flag. According to the United States Flag Code, "No other flag or pennant should be placed above or, if on the same level, to the right of the flag of the United States of America, except during church services conducted by naval chaplains at sea, when the church pennant may be flown above the flag during church services for the personnel of the Navy.

The phrase 'at sea' is interpreted for U. Navy purposes as meaning 'on board a Navy ship. The original worship pennant Church Pennant displayed a cross but in the Secretary of the Navy approved a "Jewish worship pennant," displaying the Jewish Chaplain insignia, originally with Roman numerals and later redesigned to include Hebrew letters within the design. The Marine Corps Flag Manual authorizes the use of Navy worship pennants "as authorized by commanding officers to designate the time and place of divine service, and in the field to indicate the chaplain's quarters or office. The Army authorizes the use of official Chapel flags for display in Army military chapels, [40] and very similar Chaplain flags smaller than Chapel Flags and with no fringe to mark the location of worship services led by a chaplain in the field.

Additionally, the Army has a number of other flags. There is a "regimental color," housed at the United States Army Chaplain Center and School, that shows the emblem of the Chaplain Corps against a dark blue background, with a banner reading "Chaplain Corps" underneath it. Also, like all flag and general officers, both the Army Chief and Deputy Chief of Chaplains are authorized personal flags with one or two stars respectively, in accordance with their rank—but unlike most other Army general officer flags that have the white stars shown against a scarlet background, as of the color of the Chaplain Corps general officer flag background is "ecclesiastical purple.

The Navy has a flag with the Chaplain Corps emblem against a white background, which is housed in the office of the United States Navy Chief of Chaplains. During the conduct of religious services or ceremonies, religious flags may be displayed as appropriate to ensure accurate representation of the religious orientation of the service or ceremony. These religious flags should be removed following the service or ceremony. The Chaplain Service flag should be displayed at all times in chapels on Air Force installations.

Flags with the emblem of the Army and Air Force are official flags, referenced in official documents, and in the case of the Army, produced by the Institute of Heraldry. Chapel and Chaplain flags are identical in design except for the fringe on the chapel flag , but differ in size, with the Chapel flag's measuring 4 foot 4 inch hoist by 5 foot 6 inch fly, with a 2. Army Jewish and Christian Chapel Flags, shown in front of temporary chapel erected on Pentagon grounds the day following the September 11 attacks.

The Air Force does not appear to use a Chaplain School flag. Beginning in , the policy was established that military chapels would be constructed with no permanent religious symbols, exterior or interior:. In , the Armed Services Committee of the House of Representatives summoned the Chief of Chaplains of the Army for questioning about a budget item which called for the construction of over one hundred chapels at military installations. Their indirect questions on the use of these chapels indicated their uneasiness in dealing with a problem which might evoke interreligious strife in America. Their fears were allayed, and approval for the chapel building program was quickly granted, when the Chief of Chaplains made it clear that the chapels were to be non-denominational in character, with no symbols, either within or without, to denote any particular religious belief.

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