Rumors: A Narrative Analysis
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Types of Qualitative Data Analysis [Purposes, Steps, Example]
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Put simply, we expect it would — especially if Phoenix is up for it, which was perhaps the biggest question mark over a potential sequel. Money talks, after all, and having Phoenix return to the role would almost certainly prove a profitable move for the studio. Should there be a Joker 2? Probably not. Will there be? Axel is a London-based Staff Writer at TechRadar, reporting on everything from the latest Tesla models to newest movies as part of the site's daily news output. Ambiguity is when someone is not sure about what is going on, so they end up assuming the worst. The third component is information importance. Information can also be ambiguous.
The last component of managing rumours is credibility. Rumours are often spread by sources that are not credible. A rumour itself is not credible unless it is proven to be true. That is why people say to never trust the tabloids. Rumour has always played a major role in politics, with negative rumous about an opponent typically more effective than positive rumours about one's own side. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism—the applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion.
In the past, much research on rumour came from psychological approaches as the discussion of Allport and DiFonzio demonstrates above. The focus was especially on how statements of questionable veracity absolutely false to the ears of some listeners circulated orally from person to person. Scholarly attention to political rumours is at least as old as Aristotle's Rhetoric ; however, not until recently has any sustained attention and conceptual development been directed at political uses of rumour, outside of its role in war situations.
Almost no work had been done until recently on how different forms of media and particular cultural-historical conditions may facilitate a rumour's diffusion. The Internet's recent appearance as a new media technology has shown ever new possibilities for the fast diffusion of rumour, as the debunking sites such as snopes. Nor had previous research taken into consideration the particular form or style of deliberately chosen rumours for political purposes in particular circumstances even though significant attention to the power of rumour for mass-media-diffused war propaganda has been in vogue since World War I; see Lasswell Working within political communication studies, in , Jayson Harsin [11] [12] introduced the concept of the "rumour bomb" as a response to the widespread empirical phenomenon of rumouresque communication in contemporary relations between media and politics , especially within the complex convergence of multiple forms of media, from cell phones and internet, to radio, TV, and print.
Harsin starts with the widespread definition of rumour as a claim whose truthfulness is in doubt and which often has no clear source even if its ideological or partisan origins and intents are clear. He then treats it as a particular rhetorical strategy in current contexts of media and politics in many societies. For Harsin a "rumour bomb" extends the definition of rumour into a political communication concept with the following features:. In addition, Harsin locates the "rumour bomb" within other communication genres, such as disinformation intentional false information and propaganda, as rumour has been viewed by others. However, he distinguishes it from these concepts as well, since disinformation is often too associated with government, and propaganda is attempts to control opinion without regard for ethics and accuracy of statement.
Similarly, " spin " is a generic term for strategic political communication that attempts to frame or re-frame an event or a statement in a way that is politically profitable for one side and detrimental to another, though at its core it may simply be a red herring Bennett , p. In addition, a " smear campaign " is a term that loosely means a coordinated effort to attack a person's character.
Rumour bombs may seek to produce events themselves. A rumour bomb can be seen as having some characteristics of these general concepts, but rumour bombs happen in very particular cultural and historical conditions. They are not about mouth-to-ear interpersonal rumours as much rumour research has been interested in. They begin in a rapport between deliberate "disinformers" and media , whether TV news, talk shows, newspapers, radio, or websites. They then circulate across these media, perhaps but not necessarily resulting in interpersonal mouth-to-ear rumour diffusion.
Harsin distinguishes the rumour bomb from other more general concepts of rumour by emphasizing changes in politics, media technology, and culture. According to Harsin, rumour in politics has always existed, but recent changes have created an environment ripe for a new kind of political rumour: a new media "convergence culture" where information produced on the internet can influence the production of media content in other forms; new media technologies and business values that emphasize speed and circulation that combine with entertainment values in news, political marketing, and public craving of tabloid news that mirrors other entertainment genres.
Rumours of affairs, of "weapons of mass destruction" and their alleged removal to other countries [17] "John Kerry is French," [18] Obama is a Muslim, John McCain had an illegitimate black child [19] —all of these involve statements whose veracity is in question or that are simply false. Other statements may have an ambiguous nature that makes them potentially appealing to different audiences who may interpret them in particular ways and circulate them. Harsin builds on rumour research that has emphasized social cognition and diffusion of propaganda.
He extends Prashant and Difonzio's work in particular, since they attempt to distinguish rumour from gossip , in that rumour is supposedly about public issues and gossip is about private, trivial things. The emergence of infotainment and tabloidization in especially American and British news has broken that distinction, since politics is now just as much about bringing the private into the public view, as was clear with the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal. Similar to their appearance and function in political communication, wherein rumours can be deployed for specific deleterious effect rumour bomb or can otherwise plague a candidate for office, rumours also play an important role in strategic communication.
Strategic communication is the process of crafting messages in support of specific organizational goals, and is usually concerned with governments, militaries and Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs. Adroit strategic communication requires an understanding of stories, trends and memes circulating within a culture. Rumours can be viewed as stories that seem rational but that are steeped into speculation, in connection with a certain narrative landscape the vast array of cultural expression circulating within a community or region. Ruston coin the term narrative IED to help explain the function and danger of rumours in a strategic communication context.
Rumours, as narrative IEDs, are low-cost, low-tech communication weapons that can be used by anyone to disrupt the efforts of communication, civil affairs or outreach campaigns such as those undertaken by governments in crisis response situations or militaries in insurgencies. As Bernardi notes, "Like their explosive cousins, rumours can be created and planted by nearly anybody, require limited resources to utilize, can be deadly for those in its direct path, and can instil fear". Your source on drugs turns on his own family head isn't right kick him off. His had no legal right. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Unverified account or explanation. This article is about psychology.
For the album by Fleetwood Mac, see Rumours album. For other uses, see Rumor disambiguation. The American Journal of Sociology. JSTOR William Stern, Zur Psychologie der Aussage. Psychology of Rumor. Russell and Russell. Social Psychology Quarterly. The Future of Reputation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
