Zora Neale Hurston Journeys End Summary
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Alice Walker (2003): Journey to Zora Neale Hurston
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History is rarely distilled so finely. Isabel Wilkerson delivers! With the precision of a surgeon, Wilkerson illuminates the stories of bold, faceless African-Americans who transformed cities and industries with their hard work and determination to provide their children with better lives. The Warmth of Other Suns builds upon such purely academic works to make the migrant experience both accessible and emotionally compelling. Woven into the tapestry of [three individuals] lives, in prose that is sweet to savor, Wilkerson tells the larger story, the general situation of life in the South for blacks. If you read one only one book about history this year, read this. If you read only one book about African Americans this year, read this.
If you read only one book this year, read this. Her powerful storytelling style, as well, gives this decades-spanning history a welcome novelistic flavor. An impressive take on the Great Migration. This is an epic for all Americans who want to understand the making of our modern nation. You will never forget these people. It is a complicated tale, with an infinity of implications for questions of race, power, politics, religion, and class—implications that are unfolding even now.
This book will be long remembered, and savored. Stephen E. A Conversation with Isabel Wilkerson 1. What is the meaning and origin of the title, The Warmth of Other Suns? When Wright wrote his autobiography, the Book of the Month Club insisted that he cut the second half about the North and change the title from American Hunger to Black Boy. He wanted the book published so he conceded to their request. But that left the book without the ending it needed so he hastily came up with an alternative passage.
Because he was forced to write quickly and succinctly, the passage summarized in a way he had not achieved in the text itself the longing and loss of anyone who has ever left the only place they ever knew for what they hoped would be a better life on alien soil. As soon as I saw it, I knew I wanted to excavate it. I felt it was poetry, beautifully rendered but invisible, buried as it was in the footnotes. When it came time to submit the manuscript, I pulled out the most moving phrase for the title, The Warmth of Other Suns. It was a working title at best because my editor and I were still not convinced it was the one.
At a meeting of executives at Random House, however, the question came up again and someone remembered this same passage and settled on the very phrase, I had originally identified. My mother, who migrated from Georgia to Washington, D. The question of the title set me on a course of trying to understand just what the sun means to us, what it gives us and what it takes to defy the gravitational pull of your own solar system and take off for another far away. Richard Wright consciously chose to call the cold North the place of warmer suns. It showed how determined he and millions of others like him were to leave a place that had shunned them for a place they hoped would sustain them, the need of any human being and the gift of any sun.
How widespread is the Great Migration? How many people experienced it? At the start of the twentieth century, ninety percent of all black Americans were living in the South. By the end of the Great Migration, some forty-seven percent were living outside the South. The children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of these migrants make up the majority of African-Americans in the North and West. Vast as it was, however, the Great Migration is not purely about the numbers but about the lasting effects of so many people uprooting themselves and transporting their culture from an isolated region of the country to the big cities of the North and West.
They brought the music and folkways of the South with them and created a hybrid that has become woven into American life as a whole. How did you find Ida Mae, George, and Robert, and why did you choose to focus on them instead of others you interviewed? Tell us a bit about your research, and why these three people stood out to you. It took eighteen months of interviews with more than 1, people to find the three protagonists in the book. I interviewed seniors at quilting clubs in Brooklyn, senior centers in Chicago, on bus trips to Las Vegas with seniors from Los Angeles. I went to funerals, libraries, senior dances and the southern state clubs in Los Angeles and Chicago.
Essentially, I went everywhere I could think of that would attract large numbers of black seniors who might have migrated from the South. I went to some of these places enough times that people began to recognize me. I kept running into this one woman at Creole events and at Sunday mass in Los Angeles. The woman had migrated from Monroe, Louisiana. At a meeting of retired transit workers in Chicago, a woman signed an information sheet I had passed around to gather names of people who had come from Mississippi and Arkansas.
She was signing for her mother who had never been a transit worker but had come up from Mississippi. Her mother was Ida Mae. George, the third protagonist, introduced himself after Sunday service at a Baptist Church in Harlem and immediately began telling his story. The goal of the search was to find one person for each of the three streams of the Migration East Coast, Midwest and West Coast through whom to tell the larger story of the entire phenomenon. They each represent not only different migration streams but different backgrounds, different motivations for leaving, different outcomes and different ways of adjusting to the New World.
Together, their lives tell a more complete story of the Migration than has ever been told before. In the process of telling their stories, what did you discover about why some people thrived in their new circumstances, while others did not? As the stories unfold, many lessons emerge. One is insight into longevity and what it takes to survive the harshest of lives and come out whole. Another is a redefinition of success and accomplishment. A third is the varying ways migrants adjust to their circumstances, how they learn to make peace with the past, or not and how that adjustment affects their happiness. Each of the three protagonists adjusted to their circumstances in completely different ways.
One turned his back on the South and created a new identity for himself, going as far as to change his name. He never fully found peace. Another moved between worlds, never fully reconciling one with the other. A third, Ida Mae, took the best of both worlds, never changed from who she was, and was the happiest and lived the longest of all. Could you give us a few examples of well-known people whose lives would have been different, and perhaps would not have been possible, had it not been for the courage of those who left the South?
Some might never have existed because their parents met in the North. Each of them grew up to become among the best in their fields, changed them, really. They were among the first generation of blacks in this country to grow up free and unfettered because of the actions of parents or grandparents who knew it was too late for themselves to truly benefit from the advantages of the north but knew it was not too late for their children. The father was so worried that, as they were packing, he had to steady himself on the shoulders of his nine-year-old son. From that day forward he was known, not by his birth name, but by the one he had mistakenly acquired — Jesse Owens.
Most children of the Great Migration know the basic facts of where their parents came from. When the parents or grandparents left, many left for good. Some had experienced or witnessed violence. Many endured persecution. All had suffered the indignities of caste. Some felt shame or embarrassment over being southern and rural now that they were living in big, sophisticated cities. Others, however, surrounded themselves with people from back home and never left the South in spirit. How did this influx of southerners to Northern and Western cities affect the urban landscape of America, and American culture as we know it?
It would be hard to imagine cultural life in America had the Great Migration not occurred. American music as we know it was one of the gifts of the Great Migration. Modern music grew out of the music the migrants brought with them, shaped by their exposure to life in the northern cities and, ultimately, the music their children and grandchildren created. The three most influential musicians in jazz — Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk and John Coltrane — were all children of the Great Migration, their music and their collaboration informed by their southern roots and migration experiences. Davis was born in Alton, Illinois, after his family migrated from Arkansas.
Monk migrated with his family from North Carolina when he was five. Coltrane had never owned a saxophone before his mother bought him a used alto sax once he got north. Motown simply would not have existed without the Great Migration. Gordy was born and raised in Detroit, where he later recruited other children of the Great Migration as talent for his new recording company, Motown records. What was the cost to the South of this enormous migration? In what ways was this domestic migration similar to the immigration of foreigners to the U. In what ways was it different? The South lost vast numbers of its most ambitious workers to the Great Migration. In some cases, entire plantations were left empty of workers.
Southern authorities responded swiftly to stem the outflow of its cheap labor. The South reenacted anti-enticement laws from the time of slavery to keep blacks from leaving. The accomplishments of well-known migrants, such as B. To this day, the South lags the North in many economic indices, such as wage scales, life expectancy, property values, cost of living and cultural influence in this country. The county maintains sheriff , fire , EMS , and sewage. Air Liquide operates a plant there. Merritt Island has a redevelopment agency funded by the county. Public schools are operated by Brevard Public Schools :. Since Merritt Island is an unincorporated area of Brevard County, [26] in the area applied for, and was designated, a special library district under Chapter by the Florida Legislature.
The residential areas of Merritt Island, East and West Merritt Island, are only accessible by causeway or drawbridge at all points. Mathers Bridge connects the southernmost area to the barrier island. SR 3 , a 4-lane highway, connects the Kennedy Space Center for workers from the more densely populated central and southern sections of the island. It became overloaded after Hurricane Irma in Trucks were used to dispose of the excess which rose to 12,, US gal 45,, L daily. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Census-designated place in Florida, United States.
For the Florida airport, see Merritt Island Airport. Census-designated place. Location in Brevard County and the state of Florida. Spaceflight portal. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Retrieved January 31, Florida Today. Retrieved May 11, Arcadia Publishing. ISBN The History of Brevard County, Florida. FL Archived from the original on Verde Independent. Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine. University of Colorado Boulder. Retrieved 8 August Cape Canaveral. Images of America. Brevard County, Florida. Retrieved 10 January Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 11 August March 6, Retrieved September 19, South Florida Business Journal. March 4, University of Illinois Press.
Retrieved 13 March Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch and landing sites. County seat : Titusville. Florida portal United States portal. Authority control. United States. National Archives US.
