La Mate Foods Case Study
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Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3 : — Eur J Clin Nutr 42 : — Int J Cancer 68 : — Int J Cancer 39 : — Am J Epidemiol : 17— Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Total meat : beef, lamb, poultry, fish, bacon, sausage, blood pudding, liver, mortadella, salami, saucisson, hotdog, ham, salted meat. Processed meat : bacon, sausage, blood pudding, mortadella, salami, saucisson, hotdog, ham, salted meat.
Cooked vegetables : garlic, swiss chard, spinach, beetroot, winter squash, cabbage, cauliflower, zucchini, red pepper. From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3. Reprints and Permissions. De Stefani, E. Food groups and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: a case—control study in Uruguay. Br J Cancer 89, — Download citation. Received : 29 October Revised : 04 July Accepted : 04 July Published : 30 September Issue Date : 06 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. World Journal of Surgery BMC Cancer British Journal of Cancer European Journal of Clinical Nutrition American Journal of Gastroenterology Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. This article has been updated. Abstract In the time period January —December , a case—control study on squamous cell cancer of the oesophagus was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay. Main Nutritional deficiencies have been suspected as risk factors for squamous cell oesophageal cancer for more than 20 years in Eastern countries, like Iran and China Cook-Mozaffari et al, ; Thurnham et al, ; Hu et al, Material and methods In the time period January —December , a case—control study on squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus was carried out in the four major hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Statistical methods Food groups were categorised in quartiles, following the distribution of the control series. Results The distribution of cases and controls by sociodemographic variables and selected risk factors is shown in Table 1. Table 1 Distribution of cases and controls by sociodemographic variables and other risk factors a , b Full size table. Table 2 Odds ratios of squamous cell cancer of the esophagus for significant food groups Full size table. Table 3 Final model including food groups Full size table. Discussion According to the results of the present study, red meat, stewed meat and salted meat were associated with moderate to strong effects on the risk of squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma.
Change history 16 November This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication. View author publications. Red meat : beef, lamb. White meat : poultry, fish. Dairy foods : cheese, butter, whole milk, ice cream. Eggs : boiled eggs, fried eggs, mayonnaise. Fat-rich foods : red meat, processed meat, dairy foods, eggs, desserts. Grains : white rice, maize, polenta, pasta, white bread. Raw vegetables : carrot, tomato, lettuce, onion. Total vegetables : raw vegetables, cooked vegetables. Citrus fruits : orange, tangerine.
Other fruits : apple, pear, grape, peach, plum, banana, plum, figs, fruit cocktail. Total fruits : citrus fruits, other fruits. Total vegetables and fruits : total vegetables, total fruits. Tubers : potato, sweet potato. Pulses : chickpeas, kidney bean, lentil. Total plant foods : grains, total vegetables, total fruits, tubers, pulses. Rights and permissions From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3. The study sought to figure out whether men who wear flashy clothing were more attractive to the opposite sex, based on the age-old theory that women may be more attracted to men who are wealthy—and that "blingy" clothing is an ostentatious display of wealth.
Also, "because it signals that a man has economic power and the ability to invest in reproduction or their offspring's future," according to The Science Times. The study, which was led by Daniel Kruger , Ph. D, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of Michigan, focused on the brand Ralph Lauren and two types of its shirts—polo shirts with a small logo of the polo player astride a horse on the left breast, and one in which there was a larger, more ostentatious version of the logo like the above.
The research team asked the men which type they'd choose to wear to certain social gatherings, such as a family function, or a party where a potential romantic partner would also be attending. While men prefer the smaller logo-ed shirts for situations including job interviews, or formal occasions such as meeting their S. Similarly, they are also more interested in short-term relationships than long-term. Many of the natural enemies of yerba mate are difficult to control in plantation settings. Insect pests include Gyropsylla spegazziniana , a true bug that lays eggs in the branches; Hedyphates betulinus , a type of beetle that weakens the tree and makes it more susceptible to mold and mildew; Perigonia lusca , a moth whose larvae eat the leaves; and several species of mites.
When I. The strength of the flavor, caffeine levels, and other nutrients can vary depending on whether it is a male or female plant. Female plants tend to be milder in flavor and lower in caffeine. They are also relatively scarce in the areas where yerba mate is planted and cultivated. Sugar may or may not be added. Drinking mate is a common social practice in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, southern and central-western Brazil among people of all ages, and is often a communal ritual following customary rules. The gourd is given by the brewer to each person, often in a circle, in turn; the recipient gives thanks, drinks the few mouthfuls in the container, and then returns the mate to the brewer, who refills it and passes it to the next person in clockwise order.
In southern Chile the ritual is different in the sense that the recipient is not supposed to give thanks until he's done drinking the beverage. Although traditionally made from a hollowed calabash gourd, these days mate "gourds" are produced from a variety of materials including wood, glass, bull horns, ceramic, and silicone. In the same way as people meet for tea or coffee, friends often gather and drink mate matear in Paraguay, Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay.
In warm weather the hot water is sometimes replaced by lemonade. Paraguayans typically drink yerba mate with cold water during hot days and hot water in the morning and during cooler temperatures. Yerba mate is most popular in Paraguay and Uruguay, where people are seen walking the streets carrying the mate and often a termo thermal vacuum flask in their arms. In Argentina, 5 kg 11 lb of yerba mate is consumed annually per capita; in Uruguay, the largest consumer, consumption is 10 kg 22 lb. The flavor of brewed mate resembles an infusion of vegetables, herbs, and grass and is reminiscent of some varieties of green tea.
Some consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in hot water. Sweetened and flavored mate is also sold, in which the mate leaves are blended with other herbs such as peppermint or citrus rind. An iced, sweetened version of mate cocido is sold as an uncarbonated soft drink , with or without fruit flavoring. The Guarani used to drink it in this formant, but without the ice as they did not have the technology for it, reason why, it is accredited to be the first and original way of consumption.
The version with water is more bitter; fruit juice acts as a sweetener in Brazil, this is usually avoided with the addition of table sugar. Medicinal or culinary herbs, known as yuyos weeds , may be crushed with a pestle and mortar and added to the water for taste or medicinal reasons. Paraguayans have a tradition of mixing mate with crushed leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant known as flor de agosto [32] the flower of August, plants of the genus Senecio , particularly Senecio grisebachii , which contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Modifying mate in this fashion is potentially toxic, as these alkaloids can cause veno-occlusive disease , a rare condition of the liver which results in liver failure due to progressive occlusion of the small venous channels.
Mate has also become popular outside of South America. In the tiny hamlet of Groot Marico , North West Province , South Africa, mate was introduced to the local tourism office by the returning descendants of the Boers , who in had emigrated to Patagonia in Argentina after losing the Anglo Boer War. It is also commonly consumed in Lebanon, Syria, and some other parts of the Middle East, mainly by Druze and Alawite people. Most of its popularity outside South America is a result of historical emigration to South America and subsequent return. It is consumed worldwide by expatriates from the Southern Cone.
Materva is a sweet, carbonated soft drink based on yerba mate. Developed in Cuba in , and produced since the s in Miami, Florida , it is a staple of the Cuban culture in Miami. Mate is often consumed as a health food. Packages of yerba mate are available in health food stores and are frequently stocked in large supermarkets in Europe, Australia, and the United States. By , Asian interest in the drink had seen significant growth that led to significant exports to those countries.
Yerba mate contains a variety of polyphenols such as the flavonoids quercetin and rutin. Yerba mate contains three xanthines : caffeine , theobromine , and theophylline , the main one being caffeine. Caffeine content varies between 0. Yerba mate also contains elements such as potassium , magnesium , and manganese. Yerba mate has been claimed to have various effects on human health, most of which have been attributed to the high quantity of polyphenols found in the beverage. Mate also contains compounds that may act as an appetite suppressant and possible weight loss tool, [47] increases mental energy and focus, [48] improves mood, [49] [50] and promotes deeper sleep; however, sleep may be negatively affected in people who are sensitive to caffeine.
Before , there were no double-blind, randomized prospective clinical trials of yerba mate consumption with respect to chronic disease. Yerba mate contains polyphenols such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, which work by inhibiting enzymes like pancreatic lipase [53] and lipoprotein lipase , which in turn play a role in fat metabolism. Yerba mate has been shown to increase satiety by slowing gastric emptying. Despite yerba mate's potential for reducing body weight, there is minimal data on the effects of yerba mate on body weight in humans. The consumption of hot mate tea is associated with oral cancer , [56] esophageal cancer , [57] cancer of the larynx , [57] and squamous cell cancers of the head and neck.
This was found with chronic ingestion 15 days of an aqueous mate extract, and may lead to a novel mechanism for manipulation of vascular regenerative factors, i. In an investigation of mate antioxidant activity, there was a correlation found between content of caffeoyl -derivatives and antioxidant capacity AOC. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor is a type of antidepressant, so there is some data to suggest that yerba mate has a calming effect in this regard. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Species of plant.
